- 問題
- 解説
- 本文第1段落
- One of the early significant responses to Charles Darwin’s thinking came from a highly-talented journalist, George Henry Lewes.
- Having read a piece by Lewes, Darwin wrote to a friend, saying that the author of that article is “someone who writes capitally, and who knows the subject.”
- Indeed, as a modern scholar states, “apart from Thomas Huxley, no other scientific writer dealt with Darwin’s theory with such fairness and knowledge as Lewes” at that time.
- Here is what Lewes wrote (with modification) about the background of Darwin’s most famous book:
- 引用第1段落
- The Origin of Species made an epoch.
- It proposed a hypothesis surpassing all its predecessors in its agreement with facts, and in its wide reach.
- Because it was the product of long-continued research, and thereby gave articulate expression to the thought which had been inarticulate in many minds, its influence rapidly became European; because it was both old in purpose and novel in conception, it agitated the schools with a revolutionary excitement.
- No work of our time has been so general in its influence.
- This extent of influence is less due to the fact of its being a masterly work, enriching science with a great discovery, than to the fact of its being a work which clashed against one and chimed with the other of the two great conceptions of the world that have long ruled, and still rule, the minds of Europe.
- One side recognized a powerful enemy, the other a mighty champion.
- It was immediately evident that the question of the “origin of species” derived its significance from the deeper question which loomed behind it.
- What is that question?
- 引用第2段落
- If we trace the history of opinion from the dawn of science in Greece through all succeeding epochs, we shall observe many constantly-reappearing indications of what may be called an intuitive feeling rather than a distinct vision of the truth that all the varied manifestations of life are but the flowers from a common root — that all the complex forms have been evolved from pre-existing simpler forms.
- This idea about evolution survived opposition, ridicule, refutation; and the reason of this persistence is that the idea harmonizes with one general conception of the world which has been called the monistic because it reduces all phenomena to community, and all knowledge to unity.
- This conception is irreconcilable with the rival, or dualistic, conception, which separates and opposes force and matter, life and body.
- The history of thought is filled with the struggle between these two general conceptions.
- I think it may be said that every man is somewhat by his training, and still more by his constitution, predisposed towards the monistic or the dualistic conception.
- There can be little doubt that the acceptance or the rejection of Darwinism has, in the vast majority of cases, been wholly determined by the monistic or dualistic attitude of mind.
- 引用第3段落
- And this explains, what would otherwise be inexplicable, the surprising ease and passion with which men wholly incompetent to appreciate the evidence for or against natural selection have adopted or “refuted” it.
- Elementary ignorance of biology has not prevented them from pronouncing very confidently on this question; and biologists with scorn have asked whether men would attack an astronomical hypothesis with no better equipment.
- Why not?
- They feel themselves competent to decide the question from higher grounds.
- Profoundly convinced of the truth of their general conception of the world, they conclude every hypothesis to be true or false, according as it chimes with, or clashes against, that conception.
- 引用第4段落
- So it has been, so it will long continue.
- The development hypothesis is an inevitable deduction from the monistic conception of the world; and will continue to be the battle-ground of contending schools until the opposition between monism and dualism ceases.
- For myself, believing in the ultimate triumph of the former, I look on the development hypothesis as one of the great influences which will by its acceptance, in conjunction with the spread of scientific culture, hasten that triumph.
- 本文第2段落
- Darwin seems to have liked Lewes’s observations on his work, for when he read this and other related pieces, he wrote to the journalist and encouraged him to publish them in a book form.
- Although from the point of view of today’s science what he says may be dated, Lewes remains a highly interesting writer.
- 本文第1段落
問題
次の文章を読み, 下の設問(1)~(3)に答えなさい。
One of the early significant responses to Charles Darwin’s thinking came from a highly-talented journalist, George Henry Lewes. Having read a piece by Lewes, Darwin wrote to a friend, saying that the author of that article is “someone who writes capitally, and who knows the subject.” Indeed, as a modern scholar states, “apart from Thomas Huxley, no other scientific writer dealt with Darwin’s theory with such fairness and knowledge as Lewes” at that time. Here is what Lewes wrote (with modification) about the background of Darwin’s most famous book:
The Origin of Species made an epoch. It proposed a hypothesis surpassing all its predecessors in its agreement with facts, and in its wide reach. Because it was the product of long-continued research, and thereby gave articulate expression to the thought which had been inarticulate in many minds, its influence rapidly became European; because it was both old in purpose and novel in conception, it agitated the schools with a revolutionary excitement. No work of our time has been so general in its influence. This extent of influence is less due to the fact of its being a masterly work, enriching science with a great discovery, than to the fact of its being a work which clashed against one and chimed with the other of the two great conceptions of the world that have long ruled, and still rule, the minds of Europe. One side recognized a powerful enemy, the other a mighty champion. It was immediately evident that the question of the “origin of species” derived its significance from the deeper question which loomed behind it. What is that question?
(a)If we trace the history of opinion from the dawn of science in Greece through all succeeding epochs, we shall observe many constantly-reappearing indications of what may be called an intuitive feeling rather than a distinct vision of the truth that all the varied manifestations of life are but the flowers from a common root — that all the complex forms have been evolved from pre-existing simpler forms. This idea about evolution survived opposition, ridicule, refutation; and the reason of this persistence is that the idea harmonizes with one general conception of the world which has been called the monistic because it reduces all phenomena to community, and all knowledge to unity. This conception is irreconcilable with the rival, or dualistic, conception, which separates and opposes force and matter, life and body. The history of thought is filled with the struggle between these two general conceptions. I think it may be said that every man is somewhat by his training, and still more by his constitution, predisposed towards the monistic or the dualistic conception. There can be little doubt that the acceptance or the rejection of Darwinism has, in the vast majority of cases, been wholly determined by the monistic or dualistic attitude of mind.
(b)And this explains, what would otherwise be inexplicable, the surprising ease and passion with which men wholly incompetent to appreciate the evidence for or against natural selection have adopted or “refuted” it. Elementary ignorance of biology has not prevented them from pronouncing very confidently on this question; and biologists with scorn have asked whether men would attack an astronomical hypothesis with no better equipment. Why not? They feel themselves competent to decide the question from higher grounds. Profoundly convinced of the truth of their general conception of the world, they conclude every hypothesis to be true or false, according as it chimes with, or clashes against, that conception.
So it has been, so it will long continue. The development hypothesis is an inevitable deduction from the monistic conception of the world; and will continue to be the battle-ground of contending schools until the opposition between monism and dualism ceases. For myself, believing in the ultimate triumph of the former, I look on the development hypothesis as one of the great influences which will by its acceptance, in conjunction with the spread of scientific culture, hasten that triumph.
Darwin seems to have liked Lewes’s observations on his work, for when he read this and other related pieces, he wrote to the journalist and encouraged him to publish them in a book form. Although from the point of view of today’s science what he says may be dated, Lewes remains a highly interesting writer.
(1) 文章全体から判断して, 『種の起源』が大きな影響力を持った要因としてLewesが最重要視しているものを, 第2パラグラフ(The Origin of SpeciesからWhat is that question?まで)から選び, 日本語で書きなさい。
(2) 下線部(a)を和訳しなさい。
(3) 下線部(b)を和訳しなさい。
解説
本文第1段落
One of the early significant responses to Charles Darwin’s thinking came from a highly-talented journalist, George Henry Lewes.
One of the early significant responses to Charles Darwin’s thinking came from a highly-talented journalist, George Henry Lewes.
Charles Darwinの考えに対する初期の重大な反応の一つは, 高い才能を持ったジャーナリスト, George Henry Lewesから来た。
チャールズ・ダーウィンの考えに対する初期の反応のうち重要なものの一つは, 非常に才能を持った新聞記者であるジョージ・ヘンリー・ルイスからの反応だった。
Having read a piece by Lewes, Darwin wrote to a friend, saying that the author of that article is “someone who writes capitally, and who knows the subject.”
Having read a piece by Lewes, Darwin wrote to a friend, saying that the author of that article is “someone who writes capitally, and who knows the subject.”
Lewesによるピースを読んだ。そしてDarwinは友人に対して書いた。そしてあの記事の著者は, 「主要に書くようなそしてその話題を知るような誰か」であるということを言った。
ルイスの記事を読み, ダーウィンは友人に手紙を書いた。手紙の中で彼は, その記事の著者は, 「文を上手く書く能力があり, その話題についてよく知っている人」であると評した。
Indeed, as a modern scholar states, “apart from Thomas Huxley, no other scientific writer dealt with Darwin’s theory with such fairness and knowledge as Lewes” at that time.
- with + 名詞 = 副詞
Indeed, as a modern scholar states, “apart from Thomas Huxley, no other scientific writer dealt with Darwin’s theory with such fairness and knowledge as Lewes” at that time.
確かに, 近代の学者が述べるように, 「Thomas Huxleyから離れて, 無の他の科学的筆者は, Lewesと同じくらいそのような公平さと知識とともにDarwinの理論を扱った」。当時は。
実際, 現代の学者が指摘するように, 当時は, 「トマス・ハクスリーを除き, ルイスほど公平に, 知識を持ってダーウィンの理論を扱った科学記者はいなかった。」
Here is what Lewes wrote (with modification) about the background of Darwin’s most famous book:
Here is what Lewes wrote with modification about the background of Darwin’s most famous book:
Darwinのもっとも有名な本の背景について修正とともにLewesが書いたものがここだ。
ここに, ダーウィンのもっとも有名な著作の背景について, ルイスが記載したものがある(一部修正してある)。
引用第1段落
The Origin of Species made an epoch.
The Origin of Species made an epoch.
種の起源は, 時代を作った。
「種の起源」は, 新時代を築いた。
It proposed a hypothesis surpassing all its predecessors in its agreement with facts, and in its wide reach.
It proposed a hypothesis surpassing all its predecessors in its agreement with facts, and in its wide reach.
それはその事実との同意の中にそしてその広いリーチの中に, そのすべての先祖を上回る仮説を提示した。
それは, 事実との整合性や適用範囲の広さの点で, それまでの全ての先行仮説を凌駕する仮説を提案した。
Because it was the product of long-continued research, and thereby gave articulate expression to the thought which had been inarticulate in many minds, its influence rapidly became European; because it was both old in purpose and novel in conception, it agitated the schools with a revolutionary excitement.
- articulateは, 形容詞の「明確な」と動詞の「はっきりと述べる」の意味があるので注意。ここでは形容詞で使われている。
- agitate「~を扇動する」はたまに出るので覚えておく。
Because it was the product of long-continued research, and thereby gave articulate expression to the thought which had been inarticulate in many minds, its influence rapidly became European; because it was both old in purpose and novel in conception, it agitated the schools with a revolutionary excitement.
それは長く続かれた研究の製品で, したがって多くの心の中で明確でなかったような考えに対して明確な表現を与えたので, その影響は急速にヨーロッパ的になった。それは目的の中で古くて概念の中で新しい両方だったので, それは革命的な興奮とともに学校をagitateした。
それは長期にわたる研究の成果であり, 多くの人々にとってはっきりとしなかった考えを明確に書き表していたので, その影響はすぐさまヨーロッパ中に広がった。目的の観点からは古典的で, 概念の観点からは斬新でもあったので, 革命的なほどに学者たちを熱狂させ, 突き動かした。
No work of our time has been so general in its influence.
No work of our time has been so general in its influence.
私たちの時間の無の作品は, その影響の中でそれほど一般的であってきた。
これほどまでに影響を及ぼす著作は, 現代ではこれまでなかった。
This extent of influence is less due to the fact of its being a masterly work, enriching science with a great discovery, than to the fact of its being a work which clashed against one and chimed with the other of the two great conceptions of the world that have long ruled, and still rule, the minds of Europe.
- the fact of A doing「Aが~するという事実」の構造をまず確認する。これは, the fact of doing「~するという事実」の動名詞に, 意味上の主語が挿入されただけの基本事項。
- あとは対比に注意しつつ並列構造を丁寧に見抜く。
This extent of influence is less due to the fact of its being a masterly work, enriching science with a great discovery, than to the fact of its being a work which clashed against one and chimed with the other of the two great conceptions of the world that have long ruled, and still rule, the minds of Europe.
影響のこの程度は, それがmasterlyな作品であり, 素晴らしい発見とともに科学を豊かにするという事実のせい以下だ。それがそれとclash againして, ヨーロッパの心を長い間支配してきて, いまだに支配するような世界の2つのすばらしい概念の他方とchime withしたような作品であるという事実のせいよりも。
このように影響が広まったのは, それがすばらしい著作であり, 偉大な発見で科学を豊かにするものであったという事実も一因ではある。しかしむしろ, 当時のヨーロッパの人々を長い間支配し, いまだに支配し続けている2つの主要な世界観の一方と対立し, もう一方と調和する著作であったという事実が原因である。
One side recognized a powerful enemy, the other a mighty champion.
One side recognized a powerful enemy, the other a mighty champion.
一つの側は強力な敵を認識した。他方は強力なチャンピオンを。
一方はそれを強力な敵とみなし, もう一方は強力な味方だとみなした。
It was immediately evident that the question of the “origin of species” derived its significance from the deeper question which loomed behind it.
- deriveは, derive form A「Aに由来する」から, derive A from Bの意味を推測する。「BからAを引き出す」
- loomは知らなくてよい。
It was immediately evident that the question of the “origin of species” derived its significance from the deeper question which loomed behind it.
「種の起源」の質問は, その後ろでloomしたようなより深い質問からその重要性をderiveするということは, すぐに明らかだった。
「種の起源」という問題が, 背後にあるより深い問題の重要性を引き出してくるということが, すぐに明らかとなった。
What is that question?
What is that question?
あの質問は何か?
その問題とは何か?
引用第2段落
If we trace the history of opinion from the dawn of science in Greece through all succeeding epochs, we shall observe many constantly-reappearing indications of what may be called an intuitive feeling rather than a distinct vision of the truth that all the varied manifestations of life are but the flowers from a common root — that all the complex forms have been evolved from pre-existing simpler forms.
- but = only
If we trace the history of opinion from the dawn of science in Greece through all succeeding epochs, we shall observe many constantly-reappearing indications of what may be called an intuitive feeling rather than a distinct vision of the truth that all the varied manifestations of life are but the flowers from a common root — that all the complex forms have been evolved from pre-existing simpler forms.
もし私たちがすべての連続している時代を通じてギリシャの中で科学の夜明けから意見の歴史の跡を辿るならば, 私たちは, 生命の全ての異なるmanifestationは, 共通の根からのただの花であるという真実の明らかなビジョンというよりむしろ本能の感情と呼ばれるかもしれないものの多くの常に繰り返している指示を観察するはずだ。つまり, 全ての複雑な形態は以前存在しているよりシンプルな形態から進化してきたという。
ギリシャで科学が始まったときから, その後の全時代を通じて, 考え方の歴史をたどると, ある明確な真実というよりむしろ, いわゆる直観的感覚が, 常に繰り返し指摘されていることが分かるだろう。その真実とは, 全ての異なる生命は, 共通の根から発生した花にすぎないという真実, つまり, 全ての複雑な形は, すでにあったより単純な形から進化してきたという真実である。
This idea about evolution survived opposition, ridicule, refutation; and the reason of this persistence is that the idea harmonizes with one general conception of the world which has been called the monistic because it reduces all phenomena to community, and all knowledge to unity.
- reduce A to B「AをBに還元する」
This idea about evolution survived opposition, ridicule, refutation; and the reason of this persistence is that the idea harmonizes with one general conception of the world which has been called the monistic because it reduces all phenomena to community, and all knowledge to unity.
進化に関するこのアイデアは, 反対, 嘲笑, 反論を生き延びた。そして, この固執の理由は, そのアイデアは, それはすべての現象をコミュニティーに対して, そしてすべての知識をunityに対して還元するので, monisticと呼ばれてきたような世界の一つの一般的な概念とharmonize withするということだ。
進化に関するこの考え方は, 反対, 嘲笑, 反論を切り抜けてきた。このように長く生き延びたのは, その考え方が主要な世界観の一つと調和していたからだ。その世界観とは, すべての現象や知識を共通のものとしてまとめ上げることから一元論と呼ばれてきたものだ。
This conception is irreconcilable with the rival, or dualistic, conception, which separates and opposes force and matter, life and body.
This conception is irreconcilable with the rival, or dualistic, conception, which separates and opposes force and matter, life and body.
この概念は, 力と問題, 生命と体を分断し反対するようなライバルのつまりdualisticな概念とirreconcilable withである。
この一元論は, 力と物質, 生命と体を別のものととらえる, 対立する概念である二元論とは相容れない。
The history of thought is filled with the struggle between these two general conceptions.
The history of thought is filled with the struggle between these two general conceptions.
考えの歴史は, これらの2つの一般的な概念の間の奮闘で満ちている。
考え方の歴史は, この2つの一般論の間で常に揺れ動いてきた。
I think it may be said that every man is somewhat by his training, and still more by his constitution, predisposed towards the monistic or the dualistic conception.
I think it may be said that every man is somewhat by his training, and still more by his constitution, predisposed towards the monistic or the dualistic conception.
私は, 全ての人は, 多少彼の訓練によって, いまだにより彼の憲法によって, monisticまたはdualisticな概念に対してpredisposeされるということが言えるかもしれないということを考える。
あらゆる人は, 多少は訓練によって, しかしほとんどは生まれながらの性質によって, 一元論または二元論のどちらかの考え方に偏っていると言えるかもしれないと, 私は考えている。
There can be little doubt that the acceptance or the rejection of Darwinism has, in the vast majority of cases, been wholly determined by the monistic or dualistic attitude of mind.
There can be little doubt that the acceptance or the rejection of Darwinism has, in the vast majority of cases, been wholly determined by the monistic or dualistic attitude of mind.
Darwinismの受容または拒絶は, 事実の広大な多数派の中で, 心のmonisticかdualisticな態度によって, whollyに決定されてきたという極少の疑いがある可能性がある。
ダーウィン的考え方を受け入れるか拒絶するかは, ほとんどの場合, その人の一元的または二元的な考え方によって全て決まってきたということに, 疑問の余地はほとんどない。
引用第3段落
And this explains, what would otherwise be inexplicable, the surprising ease and passion with which men wholly incompetent to appreciate the evidence for or against natural selection have adopted or “refuted” it.
- with which前後が分かりにくい場合は, 単純化して考える。the passion with which men adopt itは, 元の文に戻すとmen adopt it wiht passion「人は情熱的にそれを取り入れる」となることを意識して, 訳出する。
- natural selection「自然淘汰」は覚えておきたい。
And this explains, what would otherwise be inexplicable, the surprising ease and passion with which men wholly incompetent to appreciate the evidence for or against natural selection have adopted or “refuted” it.
そしてこれは, さもなければinexplicableであろうもの, つまりそれとともに自然の選択に賛成または反対の証拠をwhollyに評価する競争力がない人がそれを採用または「反論」してきたような驚くべき簡単さと情熱を説明する。
このことは, 自然淘汰説を支持する証拠や矛盾する証拠を全く理解できないような人々がなぜ, 驚くほど簡単に情熱的に, その説を受け入れたり「反論」さえするのかということの説明になる。そしてこれは, 他の観点では説明できないと思われる。
Elementary ignorance of biology has not prevented them from pronouncing very confidently on this question; and biologists with scorn have asked whether men would attack an astronomical hypothesis with no better equipment.
Elementary ignorance of biology has not prevented them from pronouncing very confidently on this question; and biologists with scorn have asked whether men would attack an astronomical hypothesis with no better equipment.
生物学の初歩の無知は, 彼らがこの質問についてとても自信的に発音することを妨げてこなかった。そして, 生物学者は軽蔑とともに, 人は無のより良い装備とともに天文学の仮説を攻撃するだろうかどうかということを尋ねてきた。
そのような人々は, 生物学の基本的な知識がないからと言って, この問題に対して自信満々に発言することをやめなかった。生物学者は軽蔑して, 同程度の乏しい知識で天文学の仮説にも反論するのか, と尋ねてきた。
Why not?
- 反語的含意を汲み取る。
- 何故attackしないか?→いや(そんな人たちなら)attackするだろう, ということ。
Why not?
なぜいいえ?
そのような人々は, 対象が天文学であっても必ず口出しするだろう。
They feel themselves competent to decide the question from higher grounds.
They feel themselves competent to decide the question from higher grounds.
彼らは, 彼ら自身を, より高い地面から質問を決める競争力があると感じる。
彼らは, 自分にはより高い地点からその問題を決定できる能力があると感じている。
Profoundly convinced of the truth of their general conception of the world, they conclude every hypothesis to be true or false, according as it chimes with, or clashes against, that conception.
- convince A of B「AにBを確信させる」が受け身となり, A is convinced of Bとなり, さらに分詞構文となり, convinced of Bとなっている。
- to beはたいていasなので, conclude A to be Bは「AがBであると結論付ける」と訳せる。
Profoundly convinced of the truth of their general conception of the world, they conclude every hypothesis to be true or false, according as it chimes with, or clashes against, that conception.
深く世界のそれらの一般的な概念の真実を確信させられる。そして, 彼らはすべての仮説を真または偽として結論付ける。それがあの概念にchime withするかclash againstするようににしたがって。
彼らは自分の世界観が真実だと強く確信しているので, その世界観と調和するか対立するかに応じて, 全ての仮説を真であるか偽であるかを結論付ける。
引用第4段落
So it has been, so it will long continue.
- このsoは「だから」ではなく, 「そのように」で, 文頭に倒置されている。
- so S Vは、前文を受けて、「本当にSVだ」。so V Sは、前文を受けて、「SもVだ」。
So it has been, so it will long continue.
それはそのようであってきた。それはそのように長く続くだろう。
これまでもそうであったし, 今後もこの状況が長く続くだろう。
The development hypothesis is an inevitable deduction from the monistic conception of the world; and will continue to be the battle-ground of contending schools until the opposition between monism and dualism ceases.
The development hypothesis is an inevitable deduction from the monistic conception of the world; and will continue to be the battle-ground of contending schools until the opposition between monism and dualism ceases.
発達の仮説は, 世界のmonisticな概念からの避けられない演繹であり, monismとdualismの間の反対がやめるまで, 主張している学校の戦場であり続けるだろう。
進化の仮説は, 一元論的世界観からは必ず生じる推論であり, 一元論と二元論の対立が無くなるまでずっと, 意見を主張する学者間の論争の的であり続けるだろう。
For myself, believing in the ultimate triumph of the former, I look on the development hypothesis as one of the great influences which will by its acceptance, in conjunction with the spread of scientific culture, hasten that triumph.
- look on A as B = think of A as B = regard A as B
- conjunction「連結, 結合」は難しめの単語だが, conやjuncなどから出来るだけ連想してほしい。con → common, connectなど, junc → junction, jointなど。
For myself, believing in the ultimate triumph of the former, I look on the development hypothesis as one of the great influences which will by its acceptance, in conjunction with the spread of scientific culture, hasten that triumph.
私自身にとって, 前者の究極の勝利を信じる。そして, 私は発達の仮説を, その受け入れによって, 科学的な文化の広がりと一緒のconjunctionの中で, あの勝利を早くするだろうような偉大な影響の一つと見なす。
私個人としては, 一元論の最終的な勝利を信じているので, 進化論は, 科学文化の広がりとともにそれが受け入れられていくことで, 一元論の勝利を早める大きな一因になるだろうと考えている。
本文第2段落
Darwin seems to have liked Lewes’s observations on his work, for when he read this and other related pieces, he wrote to the journalist and encouraged him to publish them in a book form.
- コンマの後ろのforは理由を表す接続詞で, 「~というのは」と訳すのが定石。
Darwin seems to have liked Lewes’s observations on his work, for when he read this and other related pieces, he wrote to the journalist and encouraged him to publish them in a book form.
Darwinは彼の作品についてのLwewsの観察を好きだったようである。というのは, 彼がこれとほかの関連するピースを読んだとき, 彼はジャーナリストに対して書いて, 彼に本の形式でそれらを出版するように勇気づけたからだ。
ダーウィンは, 自分の著作に関するルイスの講評を気に入ったようだった。このことは, 彼がこの講評や他の関連する文章を読んだとき, そのジャーナリストに手紙を書き, 本の形で出版するように促したということからわかる。
Although from the point of view of today’s science what he says may be dated, Lewes remains a highly interesting writer.
Although from the point of view of today’s science what he says may be dated, Lewes remains a highly interesting writer.
今日の科学の視点から彼が言うことはdateされるかもしれないが, Lewesは高く興味深い書き手であり続ける。
現代科学の観点からすると, ルイスの述べたことは時代遅れかもしれないが, それでも彼は, 依然として非常に興味深い書き手である。
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