- 問題
- 解説
- 第1段落
- In examining the history of libraries and the way their collections have evolved over time we are, in many ways, telling the story of the survival of knowledge itself.
- Every individual book that exists now in these institutions, all the collections that together build up into larger bodies of knowledge, are survivors.
- 第2段落
- Until the advent of digital information, libraries and archives had well-developed strategies for preserving their collections: paper.
- The institutions shared the responsibility with their readers.
- All new users of the Bodleian Library at Oxford University, for example, are still required to formally swear “not to bring into the Library, or kindle therein, any fire or flame,” as they have done for over four hundred years.
- Stable levels of temperature and relative humidity, avoidance of flood and fire, and well-organized shelving were at the heart of preservation strategies.
- Digital information is inherently less stable and requires a much more proactive approach, not just to the technology itself (such as file formats, operating systems and software).
- This instability has been amplified by the widespread adoption of online services provided by major technology companies, especially those in the world of social media, for whom preservation of knowledge is a purely commercial consideration.
- 第3段落
- As more and more of the world’s memory is placed online we are effectively outsourcing that memory to the major technology companies that now control the internet.
- The phrase “Look it up” used to mean searching in the index of a printed book, or going to the right alphabetical entry in an encyclopedia or dictionary.
- Now it just means typing a word, term or question into a search box, and letting the computer do the rest.
- Society used to value the training of personal memory, even devising sophisticated exercises for improving the act of memorizing.
- Those days are gone.
- There are dangers in the convenience of the internet, however, as the control exercised by the major technology companies over our digital memory is huge.
- Some organizations, including libraries and archives, are now trying hard to take back control through independently preserving websites, blog posts, social media, even email and other personal digital collections.
- 第4段落
- “We are drowning in information, but are starved of knowledge,” John Naisbitt pointed out as early as 1982 in his book Megatrends.
- A concept of “digital abundance” has since been coined to help understand one important aspect of the digital world, one which my daily life as a librarian brings me to consider often.
- The amount of digital information available to any user with a computer and an internet connection is overwhelmingly large, too large to be able to comprehend.
- Librarians and archivists are now deeply concerned with how to search effectively across the mass of available knowledge.
- 第5段落
- The digital world is full of contradictions.
- On the one hand the creation of knowledge has never been easier, nor has it been easier to copy texts, images and other forms of information.
- Storage of digital information on a vast scale is now not only possible but surprisingly inexpensive.
- Yet storage is not the same thing as preservation.
- The knowledge stored online is at risk of being lost, as digital information is surprisingly vulnerable to neglect as well as deliberate destruction.
- There is also the problem that the knowledge we create through our daily online interactions is invisible to most of us, but it can be manipulated and used against society for commercial and political gain.
- Having it destroyed may be a desirable short-term outcome for many people worried about invasions of privacy but this might ultimately be to the detriment of society.
- 第1段落
問題
次の文章を読み, 下の設問(1)~(3)に答えなさい。
In examining the history of libraries and the way their collections have evolved over time we are, in many ways, telling the story of the survival of knowledge itself. Every individual book that exists now in these institutions, all the collections that together build up into larger bodies of knowledge, are survivors.
Until the advent of digital information, libraries and archives had well-developed strategies for preserving their collections: paper. The institutions shared the responsibility with their readers. All new users of the Bodleian Library at Oxford University, for example, are still required to formally swear “not to bring into the Library, or kindle therein, any fire or flame,” as they have done for over four hundred years. Stable levels of temperature and relative humidity, avoidance of flood and fire, and well-organized shelving were at the heart of preservation strategies. Digital information is inherently less stable and requires a much more proactive approach, not just to the technology itself (such as file formats, operating systems and software). (a)This instability has been amplified by the widespread adoption of online services provided by major technology companies, especially those in the world of social media, for whom preservation of knowledge is a purely commercial consideration.
As more and more of the world’s memory is placed online we are effectively outsourcing that memory to the major technology companies that now control the internet. The phrase “Look it up” used to mean searching in the index of a printed book, or going to the right alphabetical entry in an encyclopedia or dictionary. Now it just means typing a word, term or question into a search box, and letting the computer do the rest. Society used to value the training of personal memory, even devising sophisticated exercises for improving the act of memorizing. Those days are gone. There are dangers in the convenience of the internet, however, as the control exercised by the major technology companies over our digital memory is huge. Some organizations, including libraries and archives, are now trying hard to take back control through independently preserving websites, blog posts, social media, even email and other personal digital collections.
(b)“We are drowning in information, but are starved of knowledge,” John Naisbitt pointed out as early as 1982 in his book Megatrends. A concept of “digital abundance” has since been coined to help understand one important aspect of the digital world, one which my daily life as a librarian brings me to consider often. The amount of digital information available to any user with a computer and an internet connection is overwhelmingly large, too large to be able to comprehend. Librarians and archivists are now deeply concerned with how to search effectively across the mass of available knowledge.
The digital world is full of contradictions. On the one hand the creation of knowledge has never been easier, nor has it been easier to copy texts, images and other forms of information. Storage of digital information on a vast scale is now not only possible but surprisingly inexpensive. Yet storage is not the same thing as preservation. The knowledge stored online is at risk of being lost, as digital information is surprisingly vulnerable to neglect as well as deliberate destruction. (c)There is also the problem that the knowledge we create through our daily online interactions is invisible to most of us, but it can be manipulated and used against society for commercial and political gain. Having it destroyed may be a desirable short-term outcome for many people worried about invasions of privacy but this might ultimately be to the detriment of society.
(1) 下線部(a)を和訳しなさい。
(2) 下線部(b)を和訳したうえで, 具体的にどのようなことを指しているかを, 本文に即して説明しなさい。
(3) 下線部(c)を和訳しなさい。
解説
第1段落
In examining the history of libraries and the way their collections have evolved over time we are, in many ways, telling the story of the survival of knowledge itself.
In examining the history of libraries and the way their collections have evolved over time we are, in many ways, telling the story of the survival of knowledge itself.
図書館の歴史とそれらのコレクションが時間の上で進化してきたような方法を調査するとき, 私たちは, 多くの点で, 知識そのものの生き残りの物語を伝えている。
図書館の歴史と, その蔵書が時を経ていかに進化してきたかを調べるとき, 私たちは多くの点で, 知識そのものがどのように生き残ってきたかを語っている。
Every individual book that exists now in these institutions, all the collections that together build up into larger bodies of knowledge, are survivors.
Every individual book that exists now in these institutions, all the collections that together build up into larger bodies of knowledge, are survivors.
これらの機関の中に現在存在するような全ての個人の本, つまり, 地式のより大きな体の中へ一緒にビルドアップするような全てのコレクションは, 生存者だ。
こうした施設に現存する個々の本すべて, すなわち, 一体になって大きな知識の集合体になるようなすべての蔵書は, 生き残りである。
第2段落
Until the advent of digital information, libraries and archives had well-developed strategies for preserving their collections: paper.
Until the advent of digital information, libraries and archives had well-developed strategies for preserving their collections: paper.
デジタル情報の出現まで, 図書館とアーカイブはそれらのコレクションを保存することのためによく発達した戦略を持った。つまり, 紙。
デジタル情報が現れるまで, 図書館や公文書保管所は, 収集物を保管するための洗練された方法を持っていた。すなわち紙である。
The institutions shared the responsibility with their readers.
- share A with B「AをBと共有する」
The institutions shared the responsibility with their readers.
機関は彼らの読者とともに責任を共有した。
それらの施設は, 読者と責任を共有していた。
All new users of the Bodleian Library at Oxford University, for example, are still required to formally swear “not to bring into the Library, or kindle therein, any fire or flame,” as they have done for over four hundred years.
All new users of the Bodleian Library at Oxford University, for example, are still required to formally swear “not to bring into the Library, or kindle therein, any fire or flame,” as they have done for over four hundred years.
オックスフォード大学のBodleian図書館の全ての新しいユーザーは, 例えば, 「任意の火や炎を図書館の中へ持ち込んだりその中でkindleしないこと」を未だに形式的に誓うよう要求される。彼らが400年間以上の間やってきたように。
たとえば, オックスフォード大学のボドリアン図書館を初めて使う利用者は今でも, これまで400年以上そうしてきたように, 「火気を図書館に持ち込まないことと, その中で点火しないこと」を正式に誓うよう求められる。
Stable levels of temperature and relative humidity, avoidance of flood and fire, and well-organized shelving were at the heart of preservation strategies.
- andの並列は, 3つ以上の並列は最後だけandが付くことに注意しながら慎重に読み取る。
Stable levels of temperature and relative humidity, avoidance of flood and fire, and well-organized shelving were at the heart of preservation strategies.
気温と相対湿度の安定したレベル, 洪水と火の回避, 良く組織された棚は, 保存戦略の心臓にだった。
気温や相対湿度を安定した値に保つこと, 水や火を遠ざけること, 書棚を上手く整理することは, 保存戦略の中心であった。
Digital information is inherently less stable and requires a much more proactive approach, not just to the technology itself (such as file formats, operating systems and software).
- proactiveは知らなくてよい。pro + activeから適当に訳す。
Digital information is inherently less stable and requires a much more proactive approach, not just to the technology itself such as file formats, operating systems and software.
デジタル情報は, 生来的により安定でなく, ずっとよりproactiveなアプローチを必要とする。ファイルフォーマット, オペレーティングシステム, ソフトウェアのようなテクノロジーそのものに対してだけでなく。
デジタル情報はもともと紙よりも安定性に欠け, (ファイル形式, OS, ソフトウェア等の)技術そのものに対してのみならず, より積極的な手法が求められる。
This instability has been amplified by the widespread adoption of online services provided by major technology companies, especially those in the world of social media, for whom preservation of knowledge is a purely commercial consideration.
This instability has been amplified by the widespread adoption of online services provided by major technology companies, especially those in the world of social media, for whom preservation of knowledge is a purely commercial consideration.
この不安定さは, 主要なテクノロジー会社によって提供されるオンラインサービスの広まった採用によって増やされてきた。つまり, 特にソーシャルメディアの世界の中の人々。そして彼らにとって, 知識の保存は純粋に商業の考慮だ。
主要なテクノロジー企業, 特にソーシャルメディア業界の企業によって提供されるオンラインサービスが広く採用されることによって, この不安定さは増大してきた。そしてそれらの企業にとっては, 知識の保存は純粋に商業的な問題に過ぎない。
第3段落
As more and more of the world’s memory is placed online we are effectively outsourcing that memory to the major technology companies that now control the internet.
- effectivelyは普通に訳すと「効率的に」だが、「事実上」(=in effect)の訳が重要。
- 日本語でも使われる「アウトソーシング」は「業務委託」のこと。
As more and more of the world’s memory is placed online we are effectively outsourcing that memory to the major technology companies that now control the internet.
世界の記憶のより多くがオンラインに置かれるとき, 私たちはあの記憶を今インターネットをコントロールするような主要なテクノロジー会社に対して効率的にアウトソーシングしている。
世界中の記憶がますますオンライン上に蓄積するにつれて, 今やインターネットを支配しているそのような主要なテクノロジー企業に, その記憶を事実上受け渡していることになる。
The phrase “Look it up” used to mean searching in the index of a printed book, or going to the right alphabetical entry in an encyclopedia or dictionary.
The phrase “Look it up” used to mean searching in the index of a printed book, or going to the right alphabetical entry in an encyclopedia or dictionary.
「それを調べなさい」というフレーズは, プリントされた本のインデックスの中で調べることや, 百科事典や辞書の中の正しいアルファベットのエントリーへ行くことをかつて意味した。
「調べる」という言葉は以前は, 印刷された本の目次の中から探すことや, 百科事典や辞書の中でアルファベット順に並んだ見出しから適切な見出しへ飛ぶことを意味していた。
Now it just means typing a word, term or question into a search box, and letting the computer do the rest.
Now it just means typing a word, term or question into a search box, and letting the computer do the rest.
今ではそれはただ検索ボックスの中へ語, 用語, 質問をタイプすることと, コンピュータに残りをやらせることを意味する。
今では, ただ検索欄に単語や用語や質問を入力し, 残りはすべてコンピュータに任せることを意味している。
Society used to value the training of personal memory, even devising sophisticated exercises for improving the act of memorizing.
Society used to value the training of personal memory, even devising sophisticated exercises for improving the act of memorizing.
社会は個人的な記憶のトレーニングをかつてvalueした。そして, 記憶することの行動を向上させるための洗練されたエクササイズさえ考案した。
社会は, かつて個人の記憶を訓練することに価値を置いていた。記憶力を向上させる高度な演習を考え出すことさえあった。
Those days are gone.
Those days are gone.
これらの日は行ってしまった。
そのような時代はすでに過ぎ去った。
There are dangers in the convenience of the internet, however, as the control exercised by the major technology companies over our digital memory is huge.
There are dangers in the convenience of the internet, however, as the control exercised by the major technology companies over our digital memory is huge.
しかし, インターネットの便利さの中に危険がある。主要なテクノロジー会社によって行使される私たちのデジタルの記憶の上の支配が莫大であるとき。
しかし, 電子記憶に対する主要なテクノロジー企業の支配はすでに強大であるので, インターネットを便利に使うことには危険が伴う。
Some organizations, including libraries and archives, are now trying hard to take back control through independently preserving websites, blog posts, social media, even email and other personal digital collections.
Some organizations, including libraries and archives, are now trying hard to take back control through independently preserving websites, blog posts, social media, even email and other personal digital collections.
図書館やアーカイブを含む, いくつかの組織は, 今はウェブサイト, ブログの投稿, ソーシャルメディア, eメールや他の個人的なデジタルコレクションすらを独立に保存すること通じて, 支配を一生懸命にtake backしようとしている。
図書館や公文書保管所を含む組織の中には, ウェブサイト, ブログ投稿, ソーシャルメディアに加えて, eメールやその他の個人的な電子情報すらも, 独立に保存することによって, 支配権を取り戻そうと現在必死に努力している組織もある。
第4段落
“We are drowning in information, but are starved of knowledge,” John Naisbitt pointed out as early as 1982 in his book Megatrends.
“We are drowning in information, but are starved of knowledge,” John Naisbitt pointed out as early as 1982 in his book Megatrends.
「私たちは情報の中でおぼれているが, 知識の飢えている」と, John Naisbittは彼の本であるMegatrendsの中で1982と同じくらい早くに指摘した。
「私たちは情報におぼれ, 知識に飢えている」と, ジョン・ネイスビッツは早くも1982年には, 自身の著書であるメガトレンドの中で指摘していた。
A concept of “digital abundance” has since been coined to help understand one important aspect of the digital world, one which my daily life as a librarian brings me to consider often.
- help do = help to do「~するのを手伝う」
- bring A to do「Aを~する気にさせる」
- 動詞のcoinは「~を作る」
A concept of “digital abundance” has since been coined to help understand one important aspect of the digital world, one which my daily life as a librarian brings me to consider often.
「デジタルの豊富」の概念は, それ以来デジタル世界の一つの重要な側面を理解するのを助けるためにcoinされてきた。つまり, 図書館の人としての私の日々の生活が, 私にしばしば考えることを持ってくるようなそれ。
それ以降「デジタル的豊かさ」という概念が出現し, その結果デジタル世界のある重要な一面を理解する手助けをしている。それは, 私が図書館員としての日々の生活のおかげでよく考えている一面でもある。
The amount of digital information available to any user with a computer and an internet connection is overwhelmingly large, too large to be able to comprehend.
The amount of digital information available to any user with a computer and an internet connection is overwhelmingly large, too large to be able to comprehend.
コンピュータやインターネット接続とともに任意のユーザに対して利用可能なデジタル情報の量は, 圧倒的に大きい。つまり, 理解できるほどには大きすぎる。
コンピュータを持っていたり, インターネットに接続ができる利用者ならだれでも利用できる電子的な情報の量は圧倒的に多く, 多すぎて全容を把握できない。
Librarians and archivists are now deeply concerned with how to search effectively across the mass of available knowledge.
Librarians and archivists are now deeply concerned with how to search effectively across the mass of available knowledge.
図書館の人やアーカイブの人は, 今は深く, 利用可能な知識の大量を超えて効率的に探す方法に関心を持つ。
図書館や公文書保管所で働く人々は今や, 大量の利用可能な知識の中をかき分けて効率的に検索する方法に深く関心を持っている。
第5段落
The digital world is full of contradictions.
The digital world is full of contradictions.
デジタルの世界は, 矛盾でいっぱいだ。
デジタルの世界は, 矛盾に満ちている。
On the one hand the creation of knowledge has never been easier, nor has it been easier to copy texts, images and other forms of information.
On the one hand the creation of knowledge has never been easier, nor has it been easier to copy texts, images and other forms of information.
一方で知識の創造はより簡単では決してなかった。また, テキスト, 画像, 情報の他の形式をコピーすることはより簡単ではなかった。
知識の創造が昔と比べて断然簡単である一方, 文書や画像やその他の情報形式をコピーすることも今が一番簡単である。
Storage of digital information on a vast scale is now not only possible but surprisingly inexpensive.
Storage of digital information on a vast scale is now not only possible but surprisingly inexpensive.
広大なスケールの上のデジタルの情報のストレージは, 今は可能であるだけでなく, 驚く程に安価だ。
今や大規模なデジタル情報を貯蔵することが可能になっただけでなく, 驚くほど安価である。
Yet storage is not the same thing as preservation.
Yet storage is not the same thing as preservation.
しかし, 貯蔵は保存と比べて同じもの ではない。
しかし, 貯蔵は保存と同じではない。
The knowledge stored online is at risk of being lost, as digital information is surprisingly vulnerable to neglect as well as deliberate destruction.
The knowledge stored online is at risk of being lost, as digital information is surprisingly vulnerable to neglect as well as deliberate destruction.
オンラインに貯蔵された知識は, 失われるリスクにだ。デジタルの情報は, わざとの破壊と同様に無視に対して驚く程にもろいので。
オンラインに貯蔵された知識は常に失われる危険性がある。なぜなら, デジタル情報は, 意図的な破壊はもちろん, 単なる放置に対しても驚くほどに脆弱であるからだ。
There is also the problem that the knowledge we create through our daily online interactions is invisible to most of us, but it can be manipulated and used against society for commercial and political gain.
There is also the problem that the knowledge we create through our daily online interactions is invisible to most of us, but it can be manipulated and used against society for commercial and political gain.
私たちが私たちの日々のオンラインの交流を通じて作るような知識は私たちのほとんどに対して目に見えないが, それは商業と政治の獲得のために社会に反して操作または利用され得るという問題もある。
また, 日々のオンライン上のやり取りを通じて作られる知識を, ほとんどの人は明示的に見ることができないが, 商業的または政治的な利益のために, 社会に反して操作されたり悪用される可能性がある, という問題もある。
Having it destroyed may be a desirable short-term outcome for many people worried about invasions of privacy but this might ultimately be to the detriment of society.
- to the detriment of societyの部分は出来なくてよい。文脈から適当に訳す。
Having it destroyed may be a desirable short-term outcome for many people worried about invasions of privacy but this might ultimately be to the detriment of society.
それを破壊してもらうことは, プライバシーの侵入について心配している多くの人々にとって望ましい短期の結果かもしれないが, これは究極的に社会のdetrimentに対してだ。
それらの知識を破棄してもらえば, プライバシーの侵害を懸念する多くの人々にとっては短期的には望ましい結果になるかもしれないが, 最終的には社会の不利益につながるだろう。
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