- 問題
- 解説
- 第1段落
- 第2段落
- Though it has a long and eclectic spiritual history, the hole sits today in the back corner of a Roman Catholic Church, El Santuario de Chimayo, which is among the most frequently visited religious pilgrimage sites in America.
- Hundreds of thousands of true believers and curious souls visit every year to line up in a small side chapel strewn with pictures of loved ones lost.
- They crowd into a closet-sized space around the hole, bend at the knees, dip their hands into the cool of the gap below, and pull up big handfuls of dirt.
- Visitors to Chimayo believe that eating the dirt brings miracles.
- 第3段落
- Some would call it folk religion — not the real or legitimate practice of a Christian church but an indigenous corruption of the sanctioned sacrament of Communion.
- Others might suggest it is in fact something more complicated: a distinctly American form of religious syncretism, a blending of faith traditions so complete that it is difficult to separate one from the other.
- Implicit in each of these explanations is a more obvious physical truth.
- The church was built over a hole in the ground that has history both connected to and independent of the structure around it.
- To extend the symbolic story: In thinking about religion in American history, we have too often focused only on the church standing above the hole and not on the hole itself, nor on the people lining up to make the soil within a part of their blood, their bones.
- The United States is a land shaped and informed by internal religious diversity — some of it obvious, some of it hidden — and yet the history we have all been taught has mostly failed to convey this.
- We have learned history from the middle rather than the margins, though it is the latter from which so much of our culture has been formed.
- 第4段落
- We need only look to the point often seen as the beginning to know this is true.
- It is the story we memorized in school: In fourteen hundred and ninety-two, Columbus sailed the ocean blue… and he did so, we all have been taught, on orders and at the expense of Ferdinand and Isabella, the Catholic monarchs of Spain.
- The largest of his ships was named for the mother of the Christian savior.
- In his journal, which begins in the form of a prayer, “In the Name of Our Lord Jesus Christ,” Columbus writes of standards bearing the cross brought onto the lands he was soon to conquer.
- 第5段落
- Less well known are the men who sailed with Columbus who did not call this symbol their own.
- No less than America would be, Europe at the time was a place endlessly conflicting over its multi-religious past.
- Having shaped so much of Iberian culture, practitioners of Judaism and Islam provided Spain’s Catholics with a daily reminder that their world was not made by the church alone.
- Whether this reminder was mere embarrassment or existential threat, it was reason enough to force them out.
- Columbus devotes the first words of his diary to praising Spain for evicting its religious minorities in the same year he began his voyage, and yet his own adventure could not have been accomplished without men drawn from the very peoples he was so pleased to see driven from their homes.
- It was precisely their connections to exiled faiths that led several of his crewmen to join a mission that was less likely to end in riches than a watery grave.
問題
次の文章を読み, 下の設問(1)(2)に答えなさい。
In the dry red soil of Chimayo, New Mexico, there is a hole in the ground that some call holy. They intend no pun, no play on words. The hole is a serious matter; the locals who tend to it would no more joke about their humble opening in the earth than they would a hole in the head, or the heart.
Though it has a long and eclectic spiritual history, the hole sits today in the back corner of a Roman Catholic Church, El Santuario de Chimayo, which is among the most frequently visited religious pilgrimage sites in America. Hundreds of thousands of true believers and curious souls visit every year to line up in a small side chapel strewn with pictures of loved ones lost. They crowd into a closet-sized space around the hole, bend at the knees, dip their hands into the cool of the gap below, and pull up big handfuls of dirt. Visitors to Chimayo believe that eating the dirt brings miracles.
Some would call it folk religion — not the real or legitimate practice of a Christian church but an indigenous corruption of the sanctioned sacrament of Communion*. Others might suggest it is in fact something more complicated: a distinctly American form of religious syncretism, a blending of faith traditions so complete that it is difficult to separate one from the other. Implicit in each of these explanations is a more obvious physical truth. (1)The church was built over a hole in the ground that has history both connected to and independent of the structure around it. To extend the symbolic story: In thinking about religion in American history, we have too often focused only on the church standing above the hole and not on the hole itself, nor on the people lining up to make the soil within a part of their blood, their bones. The United States is a land shaped and informed by internal religious diversity — some of it obvious, some of it hidden — and yet the history we have all been taught has mostly failed to convey this. (2)We have learned history from the middle rather than the margins, though it is the latter from which so much of our culture has been formed.
We need only look to the point often seen as the beginning to know this is true. It is the story we memorized in school: In fourteen hundred and ninety-two, Columbus sailed the ocean blue… and he did so, we all have been taught, on orders and at the expense of Ferdinand and Isabella, the Catholic monarchs of Spain. The largest of his ships was named for the mother of the Christian savior. In his journal, which begins in the form of a prayer, “In the Name of Our Lord Jesus Christ,” Columbus writes of standards bearing the cross brought onto the lands he was soon to conquer.
Less well known are the men who sailed with Columbus who did not call this symbol their own. No less than America would be, Europe at the time was a place endlessly conflicting over its multi-religious past. Having shaped so much of Iberian culture, practitioners of Judaism and Islam provided Spain’s Catholics with a daily reminder that their world was not made by the church alone. Whether this reminder was mere embarrassment or existential threat, it was reason enough to force them out. Columbus devotes the first words of his diary to praising Spain for evicting its religious minorities in the same year he began his voyage, and yet his own adventure could not have been accomplished without men drawn from the very peoples he was so pleased to see driven from their homes. It was precisely their connections to exiled faiths that led several of his crewmen to join a mission that was less likely to end in riches than a watery grave.
*sacrament of Communion ミサで聖体を受け取ること
(1) 下線部(1)を和訳しなさい。
(2) 下線部(2)の中の”the middle”と”the margins”は, それぞれ具体的にどのようなことを指しているかを, 新大陸発見の事例を用いて, それぞれ日本語60~80字で述べなさい(句読点を含む)。
解説
第1段落
In the dry red soil of Chimayo, New Mexico, there is a hole in the ground that some call holy.
- thatの関係代名詞節の先行詞は, 直前のgroundではなくhole。
In the dry red soil of Chimayo, New Mexico, there is a hole in the ground that some call holy.
チマヨ, ニューメキシコの乾燥した赤い土壌の中に, 地面の中にいくつかがホーリーと呼ぶような穴がある。
ニューメキシコ州チマヨの乾燥した赤土の地面に, 神聖だと言われる穴がある。
They intend no pun, no play on words.
- punは知らなくてよい。
- holeとholyをかけているのではないということ。
They intend no pun, no play on words.
彼らは無のpunを意図する。言葉の上の無の遊び。
彼らは駄洒落を言いたいわけでも, 言葉遊びをしているわけでもない。
The hole is a serious matter; the locals who tend to it would no more joke about their humble opening in the earth than they would a hole in the head, or the heart.
- tend toのあとに名詞が来る用法は知らないので適当に訳す。
- no more ~ than …「…でないのと同様に, ~でない」は基本。…の部分を否定するのを忘れないように注意。
- wouldの後ろに動詞の原形が無いので省略を考え, would joke about a holeと補う。
The hole is a serious matter; the locals who tend to it would no more joke about their humble opening in the earth than they would a hole in the head, or the heart.
穴は深刻な問題だ。それをtend toするようなlocalsは, 地球の中の彼らの謙虚な開きについてジョークを言わない。彼らが頭や心臓の中の穴をそうするだろうでないのと同様に。
その穴は深刻な問題である。その穴を気にする地元の人たちは, 頭や心臓に穴が開いたら当然冗談を言えないのと同様に, 地面に開いたお粗末なその穴についても冗談を言わないだろう。
第2段落
Though it has a long and eclectic spiritual history, the hole sits today in the back corner of a Roman Catholic Church, El Santuario de Chimayo, which is among the most frequently visited religious pilgrimage sites in America.
- pilgrimageは知らなくてよい。
Though it has a long and eclectic spiritual history, the hole sits today in the back corner of a Roman Catholic Church, El Santuario de Chimayo, which is among the most frequently visited religious pilgrimage sites in America.
それは長くて選択的な精神的な歴史を持つが, 穴は今日ローマカトリック教会, El Santuario de Chimayoの後ろの角に座る。そしてそれは, アメリカの中で最も頻繁に訪れられた宗教のpolgrimageな地の間だ。
その穴は多様な宗教の長い歴史があるが, 今日ではローマカトリック教会であるエル・サントゥアリオ・デ・チマヨの奥の方にある。そこは, アメリカでもっともよく人が訪れる, 宗教的巡礼地の一つである。
Hundreds of thousands of true believers and curious souls visit every year to line up in a small side chapel strewn with pictures of loved ones lost.
Hundreds of thousands of true believers and curious souls visit every year to line up in a small side chapel strewn with pictures of loved ones lost.
数百数千の真の信じる者や好奇心旺盛な魂が, loved ones lostの写真がstrew withされた小さなそばのチャペルの中でline upするために毎年訪れる。
大切な故人の写真がちりばめられた横の小さな礼拝堂に参列するために, 毎年何十万人もの熱心な信者や好奇心旺盛な人々が訪れる。
They crowd into a closet-sized space around the hole, bend at the knees, dip their hands into the cool of the gap below, and pull up big handfuls of dirt.
They crowd into a closet-sized space around the hole, bend at the knees, dip their hands into the cool of the gap below, and pull up big handfuls of dirt.
彼らは穴のまわりのクローゼットサイズの空間の中へ群がって, 膝で曲がって, 下のギャップのクールの中へ彼らの手を付けて, 大きな一握りの汚れを引っ張る。
彼らはその穴のそばにある物置ほどの大きさの空間に集まり, ひざを曲げ, 下にある冷たい空間に手を入れ, ひと掴みの土を引っ張り上げる。
Visitors to Chimayo believe that eating the dirt brings miracles.
Visitors to Chimayo believe that eating the dirt brings miracles.
チマヨへの訪問者は, 泥を食べることは奇跡を持ってくるということを信じる。
チマヨへ訪れる人々は, その土を食べると奇跡が起きると信じている。
第3段落
Some would call it folk religion — not the real or legitimate practice of a Christian church but an indigenous corruption of the sanctioned sacrament of Communion.
- sanction「制裁(を与える), 認可(する)」はたまに出るので注意。
Some would call it folk religion — not the real or legitimate practice of a Christian church but an indigenous corruption of the sanctioned sacrament of Communion.
いくつかはそれを民族の宗教と呼ぶだろう。つまり, キリスト教会のリアルか合法の実践ではなく, sanctionされたミサで聖体を受けることの先住の腐敗。
これをその土地特有の宗教だという人もいるだろう。つまり, キリスト教会による真の正当なやり方ではなく, ミサで聖体を受けるという正式なやり方が, その土地で腐敗していってできたものだということである。
Others might suggest it is in fact something more complicated: a distinctly American form of religious syncretism, a blending of faith traditions so complete that it is difficult to separate one from the other.
- so completeは, 直前の名詞traditionsを後置修飾している。
Others might suggest it is in fact something more complicated: a distinctly American form of religious syncretism, a blending of faith traditions so complete that it is difficult to separate one from the other.
他人は, それは実はより複雑な何かであるということを示唆するかもしれない。つまり, 宗教のsyncretismのはっきりとしたアメリカの形式, 一つを他から分離することが難しいほどにとても複雑なような信頼の伝統のブレンドすること。
実際はより複雑だと示唆する人もいる。つまり, 宗教を統合する明らかにアメリカ的な様式であり, 複雑すぎて分離できない宗教信仰の伝統がまじりあったものだということである。
Implicit in each of these explanations is a more obvious physical truth.
Implicit in each of these explanations is a more obvious physical truth.
より明らかな物理的事実は, これらの例のそれぞれの中で暗示的だ。
それぞれの例の中で暗に示されていることは, より明らかな物質的事実だ。
The church was built over a hole in the ground that has history both connected to and independent of the structure around it.
- 第1段落第1文と同様に, thatの先行詞は直前のgroundではなくhole。
- connected toとindependent ofは, 直前の名詞historyを後置修飾している。
The church was built over a hole in the ground that has history both connected to and independent of the structure around it.
教会は, そのまわりの構造とつながるまたは無関係な両方ともなような歴史を持つような地面の中の穴の上に建てられた。
その教会は, 地面にあいた穴を覆うように建てられた。その穴は, 周囲の建物と関係がある歴史も, 関係のない歴史も持っている。
To extend the symbolic story: In thinking about religion in American history, we have too often focused only on the church standing above the hole and not on the hole itself, nor on the people lining up to make the soil within a part of their blood, their bones.
- 文頭のTo extend the symbolic storyは不定詞で, 後ろにつながるようにいい感じに訳す。
- make the soil within a part of their blood, their bonesの構造が難しい。makeを「作る」の意味で考えると, ①のようになるが, 明らかにおかしい。make O Cのパターンだろうと考えて, within句のかかり方を考えると, ②のようになるが, これも意味的におかしい。ここでは③のように, make O CのCをwithin句と考えるとしっくりくる。文法的にはグレーだが, 意味は取れるはずである。ちなみに, 文法的には④が正しいが, withinには「名詞 within」の形があることを知っていないと厳しいので, ③で訳すのが現実的。
- ① make the soil (within a part of their blood, their bones)「(彼らの血骨の一部の中の)土壌を作る」
- ② make the soil (within a part of their blood), their bones「(彼らの血の一部の中の)土壌を骨にする」
- ③ make the soil (within a part of their blood, their bones)「土壌を(彼らの血骨の一部の内部)にする」
- ④ make the soil within a part of their blood, their bones「内部の土壌を彼らの血骨にする」
To extend the symbolic story: In thinking about religion in American history, we have too often focused only on the church standing above the hole and not on the hole itself, nor on the people lining up to make the soil within a part of their blood, their bones.
シンボル的な話を拡張すること:アメリカの歴史の中の宗教について考えるときに, 私たちはあまりにしばしば穴の上に立っている教会に対してのみ焦点を当ててきた。そして穴そのものに対しても, 土壌を彼らの血, 骨の一部の中にするためにline upしている人々に対しても, not。
この象徴的な話を広げると, アメリカの宗教の歴史を考える際に, これまではその穴に建っている教会ばかりに注目しすぎて, 穴そのものにも, そこの土を自分の血肉の一部にしようと参列する人々にも, 注目してこなかった。
The United States is a land shaped and informed by internal religious diversity — some of it obvious, some of it hidden — and yet the history we have all been taught has mostly failed to convey this.
The United States is a land shaped and informed by internal religious diversity — some of it obvious, some of it hidden — and yet the history we have all been taught has mostly failed to convey this.
合衆国は内部の宗教の多様性によって形作られ知らされたような土地だ。そして, それのいくつかは明らかで, それのいくつかは隠されている。そしてしかし, 私たちが全員教えられてきたような歴史は, これをほとんど伝えるのを失敗してきた。
アメリカは, それが明らかな場合もそうでない場合もあるが, 内部の宗教多様性によって形作られ, 特徴づけられる土地である。しかし, 私たちが皆教わってきた歴史は, このことをほとんど教えてくれない。
We have learned history from the middle rather than the margins, though it is the latter from which so much of our culture has been formed.
- that節の中は強調構文。元に戻すと, so much of our culture has been formed from the latter。
We have learned history from the middle rather than the margins, though it is the latter from which so much of our culture has been formed.
私たちは余白よりもむしろ中央から歴史を学んできた。後者からこそ私たちの文化のとてもたくさんは形作られてきたのだが。
私たちは, 周辺部からではなくむしろ中心部から歴史を学んできた。しかし, 私たちの文化のほとんどが作られてきたのは, まさにその周辺部からであった。
第4段落
We need only look to the point often seen as the beginning to know this is true.
We need only look to the point often seen as the beginning to know this is true.
私たちは, これが真だということを知るために, しばしば開始だとみられているようなポイントを見るだけでよい。
このことが正しいと知るためには, しばしば開始地点と見なされているところを見るだけでよい。
It is the story we memorized in school: In fourteen hundred and ninety-two, Columbus sailed the ocean blue… and he did so, we all have been taught, on orders and at the expense of Ferdinand and Isabella, the Catholic monarchs of Spain.
It is the story we memorized in school: In fourteen hundred and ninety-two, Columbus sailed the ocean blue… and he did so, we all have been taught, on orders and at the expense of Ferdinand and Isabella, the Catholic monarchs of Spain.
それは私たちが学校で記憶したような物語だ。1492年, コロンブスは青い海に航海して, そうしたということを, 私たち全員は教えられてきた。FerdinandとIsabella, スペインのカトリック君主の命令の上と費用の上で。
それは, 学校で暗記した出来事である。コロンブスは1492年, 大海原へと航海を始めたが, それはスペインのカトリック君主であったフェルナンドとイザベラの命令で, 彼らの資金援助を受けて行われたということを, 私たちはみな教わってきた。
The largest of his ships was named for the mother of the Christian savior.
The largest of his ships was named for the mother of the Christian savior.
彼の船の最も大きいものは, キリストのsaviorの母のために名づけられた。
彼の船のうち最も大きな船は, キリストの救世主の母にちなんで名づけられた。
In his journal, which begins in the form of a prayer, “In the Name of Our Lord Jesus Christ,” Columbus writes of standards bearing the cross brought onto the lands he was soon to conquer.
- be soon to doは, be about to doと同じようなものと類推。
- standardはここでは「軍旗」という意味だが全く知らなくてよい。
In his journal, which begins in the form of a prayer, “In the Name of Our Lord Jesus Christ,” Columbus writes of standards bearing the cross brought onto the lands he was soon to conquer.
祈る人, 「ジーザスキリストの名の中で, 」の形式で始まるような, 彼の日誌の中で, コロンブスは彼がまさに征服しようとしていたような土地の上に持ってこられたクロスをbearしている標準について書く。
コロンブスの日誌は, 「主君イエスキリストの名のもとに」という形式で始まるが, その中で彼は, 征服しようとしていた土地に持ち込む予定の, 十字架が書かれた旗のことについて書いている。
第5段落
Less well known are the men who sailed with Columbus who did not call this symbol their own.
Less well known are the men who sailed with Columbus who did not call this symbol their own.
コロンブスと一緒に航海したような, このシンボルを彼ら自身のものと呼ばなかったような, 男たちは, よりよく知られていない。
コロンブスとともに航海した船員についてはそれほど知られていない。彼らは, そのキリストの象徴を彼らのものだと考えてはいなかった。
No less than America would be, Europe at the time was a place endlessly conflicting over its multi-religious past.
- no more than ~「~でないのと同様」, no less than ~「~であるのと同様」
No less than America would be, Europe at the time was a place endlessly conflicting over its multi-religious past.
アメリカがそうであるのと同様に, そのときのヨーロッパはその多様宗教的な過去の上でエンドレスに対立している場所だった。
当時のヨーロッパは, アメリカ同様, 多くの宗教の歴史について争いが絶えない場所だった。
Having shaped so much of Iberian culture, practitioners of Judaism and Islam provided Spain’s Catholics with a daily reminder that their world was not made by the church alone.
Having shaped so much of Iberian culture, practitioners of Judaism and Islam provided Spain’s Catholics with a daily reminder that their world was not made by the church alone.
イベリア文化のとても多くを形作ってきた。そして, ユダヤとイスラムの実践者は, スペインのカトリックに彼らの世界は1人で教会によって作られなかったということを毎日リマインドするものを提供した。
ユダヤ教やイスラム教の信者は, イベリア文化の大部分を作ってきた。そして, スペインのカトリックに対しては, 世界はキリスト教会のみによっては作られていないということを日常的に忘れさせないようにした。
Whether this reminder was mere embarrassment or existential threat, it was reason enough to force them out.
Whether this reminder was mere embarrassment or existential threat, it was reason enough to force them out.
このリマインダーが単なる辱めであろうと存在する脅威であろうと, それは彼らをforce outするための十分な理由だった。
これが, カトリックにとって困惑させるだけのものであっても, 存在を脅かすものであっても, ユダヤ教やイスラム教の信者を追い出す十分な理由であった。
Columbus devotes the first words of his diary to praising Spain for evicting its religious minorities in the same year he began his voyage, and yet his own adventure could not have been accomplished without men drawn from the very peoples he was so pleased to see driven from their homes.
- devote A to Bとpraise A for Bのイディオムを見抜く。
Columbus devotes the first words of his diary to praising Spain for evicting its religious minorities in the same year he began his voyage, and yet his own adventure could not have been accomplished without men drawn from the very peoples he was so pleased to see driven from their homes.
コロンブスは彼の日記の最初の言葉を, 彼が彼の船旅を始めたような同じ年にその宗教的な少数派をevictすることでスペインを称賛することに捧げた。そしてしかし, 彼自身の探検は, 彼が彼らの家からdriveされるところをとても喜んで見たようなまさにその人々から引っ張られた男たち無しで達成させられなかった。
コロンブスは, 日記の書き出しを, 船旅を開始した年と同じ年に, スペインが宗教的少数派を排除したことを称えることから始めている。しかし, 故郷を追われる様子をコロンブス自身が喜んで見ていたまさにその人々の中から連れてこられた船員たちがいなければ, 彼の冒険は成し遂げられなかっただろう。
It was precisely their connections to exiled faiths that led several of his crewmen to join a mission that was less likely to end in riches than a watery grave.
- まず強調構文, 次にlead A to doが使われていることを見抜く。
It was precisely their connections to exiled faiths that led several of his crewmen to join a mission that was less likely to end in riches than a watery grave.
正確に追放された信頼に対する彼らのつながりこそが, 彼らのクルーのいくつかに, 水の墓よりもリッチの中でより終わらなさそうな使命に参加するように導いた。
何名かの船員を, 富を得るよりも船上で亡くなる可能性の高い使命に参加する気にさせたのは, 間違いなく, 迫害された信仰への彼らの団結だった。
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