- 問題
- 解説
- 第1段落
- In examining the history of libraries and the way their collections have evolved over time we are, in many ways, telling the story of the survival of knowledge itself.
- Every individual book that exists now in these institutions, all the collections that together build up into larger bodies of knowledge, are survivors.
- 第2段落
- Until the advent of digital information, libraries and archives had well-developed strategies for preserving their collections: paper.
- The institutions shared the responsibility with their readers.
- All new users of the Bodleian Library at Oxford University, for example, are still required to formally swear “not to bring into the Library, or kindle therein, any fire or flame,” as they have done for over four hundred years.
- Stable levels of temperature and relative humidity, avoidance of flood and fire, and well-organized shelving were at the heart of preservation strategies.
- Digital information is inherently less stable and requires a much more proactive approach, not just to the technology itself (such as file formats, operating systems and software).
- This instability has been amplified by the widespread adoption of online services provided by major technology companies, especially those in the world of social media, for whom preservation of knowledge is a purely commercial consideration.
- 第3段落
- As more and more of the world’s memory is placed online we are effectively outsourcing that memory to the major technology companies that now control the internet.
- The phrase “Look it up” used to mean searching in the index of a printed book, or going to the right alphabetical entry in an encyclopedia or dictionary.
- Now it just means typing a word, term or question into a search box, and letting the computer do the rest.
- Society used to value the training of personal memory, even devising sophisticated exercises for improving the act of memorizing.
- Those days are gone.
- There are dangers in the convenience of the internet, however, as the control exercised by the major technology companies over our digital memory is huge.
- Some organizations, including libraries and archives, are now trying hard to take back control through independently preserving websites, blog posts, social media, even email and other personal digital collections.
- 第4段落
- “We are drowning in information, but are starved of knowledge,” John Naisbitt pointed out as early as 1982 in his book Megatrends.
- A concept of “digital abundance” has since been coined to help understand one important aspect of the digital world, one which my daily life as a librarian brings me to consider often.
- The amount of digital information available to any user with a computer and an internet connection is overwhelmingly large, too large to be able to comprehend.
- Librarians and archivists are now deeply concerned with how to search effectively across the mass of available knowledge.
- 第5段落
- The digital world is full of contradictions.
- On the one hand the creation of knowledge has never been easier, nor has it been easier to copy texts, images and other forms of information.
- Storage of digital information on a vast scale is now not only possible but surprisingly inexpensive.
- Yet storage is not the same thing as preservation.
- The knowledge stored online is at risk of being lost, as digital information is surprisingly vulnerable to neglect as well as deliberate destruction.
- There is also the problem that the knowledge we create through our daily online interactions is invisible to most of us, but it can be manipulated and used against society for commercial and political gain.
- Having it destroyed may be a desirable short-term outcome for many people worried about invasions of privacy but this might ultimately be to the detriment of society.
- 第1段落
問題
次の文章を読み, 下の設問(1)~(3)に答えなさい。
In examining the history of libraries and the way their collections have evolved over time we are, in many ways, telling the story of the survival of knowledge itself. Every individual book that exists now in these institutions, all the collections that together build up into larger bodies of knowledge, are survivors.
Until the advent of digital information, libraries and archives had well-developed strategies for preserving their collections: paper. The institutions shared the responsibility with their readers. All new users of the Bodleian Library at Oxford University, for example, are still required to formally swear “not to bring into the Library, or kindle therein, any fire or flame,” as they have done for over four hundred years. Stable levels of temperature and relative humidity, avoidance of flood and fire, and well-organized shelving were at the heart of preservation strategies. Digital information is inherently less stable and requires a much more proactive approach, not just to the technology itself (such as file formats, operating systems and software). (a)This instability has been amplified by the widespread adoption of online services provided by major technology companies, especially those in the world of social media, for whom preservation of knowledge is a purely commercial consideration.
As more and more of the world’s memory is placed online we are effectively outsourcing that memory to the major technology companies that now control the internet. The phrase “Look it up” used to mean searching in the index of a printed book, or going to the right alphabetical entry in an encyclopedia or dictionary. Now it just means typing a word, term or question into a search box, and letting the computer do the rest. Society used to value the training of personal memory, even devising sophisticated exercises for improving the act of memorizing. Those days are gone. There are dangers in the convenience of the internet, however, as the control exercised by the major technology companies over our digital memory is huge. Some organizations, including libraries and archives, are now trying hard to take back control through independently preserving websites, blog posts, social media, even email and other personal digital collections.
(b)“We are drowning in information, but are starved of knowledge,” John Naisbitt pointed out as early as 1982 in his book Megatrends. A concept of “digital abundance” has since been coined to help understand one important aspect of the digital world, one which my daily life as a librarian brings me to consider often. The amount of digital information available to any user with a computer and an internet connection is overwhelmingly large, too large to be able to comprehend. Librarians and archivists are now deeply concerned with how to search effectively across the mass of available knowledge.
The digital world is full of contradictions. On the one hand the creation of knowledge has never been easier, nor has it been easier to copy texts, images and other forms of information. Storage of digital information on a vast scale is now not only possible but surprisingly inexpensive. Yet storage is not the same thing as preservation. The knowledge stored online is at risk of being lost, as digital information is surprisingly vulnerable to neglect as well as deliberate destruction. (c)There is also the problem that the knowledge we create through our daily online interactions is invisible to most of us, but it can be manipulated and used against society for commercial and political gain. Having it destroyed may be a desirable short-term outcome for many people worried about invasions of privacy but this might ultimately be to the detriment of society.
(1) 下線部(a)を和訳しなさい。
(2) 下線部(b)を和訳したうえで, 具体的にどのようなことを指しているかを, 本文に即して説明しなさい。
(3) 下線部(c)を和訳しなさい。
解説
第1段落
In examining the history of libraries and the way their collections have evolved over time we are, in many ways, telling the story of the survival of knowledge itself.
In examining the history of libraries and the way their collectionsS’ have evolvedV’ over time weS areV, in many ways, tellingV the storyO of the survival of knowledge itself.
図書館の歴史とそれらのコレクションS’が時間の上で進化してきたV’ような方法を調査するとき, 私たちSは, 多くの点で, 知識そのものの生き残りの物語Oを伝えているV。
図書館の歴史と, その蔵書が時を経ていかに進化してきたかを調べるとき, 私たちは多くの点で, 知識そのものがどのように生き残ってきたかを語っている。
Every individual book that exists now in these institutions, all the collections that together build up into larger bodies of knowledge, are survivors.
Every individual bookS that existsV’ now in these institutions, all the collectionsS that together build upV” into larger bodies of knowledge, areV survivorsC.
これらの機関の中に現在存在するV’ような全ての個人の本S, つまり, 地式のより大きな体の中へ一緒にビルドアップするV”ような全てのコレクションSは, 生存者Cだ。
こうした施設に現存する個々の本すべて, すなわち, 一体になって大きな知識の集合体になるようなすべての蔵書は, 生き残りである。
第2段落
Until the advent of digital information, libraries and archives had well-developed strategies for preserving their collections: paper.
Until the advent of digital information, libraries and archivesS hadV well-developed strategiesO for preserving their collections: paper.
デジタル情報の出現まで, 図書館とアーカイブSはそれらのコレクションを保存することのためによく発達した戦略Oを持ったV。つまり, 紙。
デジタル情報が現れるまで, 図書館や公文書保管所は, 収集物を保管するための洗練された方法を持っていた。すなわち紙である。
The institutions shared the responsibility with their readers.
- share A with B「AをBと共有する」
The institutionsS sharedV the responsibilityO with their readers.
機関Sは彼らの読者とともに責任Oを共有したV。
それらの施設は, 読者と責任を共有していた。
All new users of the Bodleian Library at Oxford University, for example, are still required to formally swear “not to bring into the Library, or kindle therein, any fire or flame,” as they have done for over four hundred years.
All new usersS of the Bodleian Library at Oxford University, for example, are still required to formally swearV “not to bring into the Library, or kindle therein, any fire or flame,” as theyS’ have doneV’ for over four hundred years.
オックスフォード大学のBodleian図書館の全ての新しいユーザーSは, 例えば, 「任意の火や炎を図書館の中へ持ち込んだりその中でkindleしないこと」を未だに形式的に誓うよう要求されるV。彼らS’が400年間以上の間やってきたV’ように。
たとえば, オックスフォード大学のボドリアン図書館を初めて使う利用者は今でも, これまで400年以上そうしてきたように, 「火気を図書館に持ち込まないことと, その中で点火しないこと」を正式に誓うよう求められる。
Stable levels of temperature and relative humidity, avoidance of flood and fire, and well-organized shelving were at the heart of preservation strategies.
- andの並列は, 3つ以上の並列は最後だけandが付くことに注意しながら慎重に読み取る。
Stable levelsS of temperature and relative humidity, avoidanceS of flood and fire, and well-organized shelvingS wereV at the heart of preservation strategies.
気温と相対湿度の安定したレベルS, 洪水と火の回避S, 良く組織された棚Sは, 保存戦略の心臓にだった。
気温や相対湿度を安定した値に保つこと, 水や火を遠ざけること, 書棚を上手く整理することは, 保存戦略の中心であった。
Digital information is inherently less stable and requires a much more proactive approach, not just to the technology itself (such as file formats, operating systems and software).
- proactiveは知らなくてよい。pro + activeから適当に訳す。
Digital informationS isV1 inherently less stableC1 and requiresV2 a much more proactive approachO2, not just to the technology itself such as file formats, operating systems and software.
デジタル情報Sは, 生来的により安定でなC1く, ずっとよりproactiveなアプローチO2を必要とするV2。ファイルフォーマット, オペレーティングシステム, ソフトウェアのようなテクノロジーそのものに対してだけでなく。
デジタル情報はもともと紙よりも安定性に欠け, (ファイル形式, OS, ソフトウェア等の)技術そのものに対してのみならず, より積極的な手法が求められる。
This instability has been amplified by the widespread adoption of online services provided by major technology companies, especially those in the world of social media, for whom preservation of knowledge is a purely commercial consideration.
This instabilityS has been amplifiedV by the widespread adoption of online services provided by major technology companies, especially those in the world of social media, for whom preservationS’ of knowledge isV’ a purely commercial considerationC’.
この不安定さSは, 主要なテクノロジー会社によって提供されるオンラインサービスの広まった採用によって増やされてきたV。つまり, 特にソーシャルメディアの世界の中の人々。そして彼らにとって, 知識の保存S’は純粋に商業の考慮C’だ。
主要なテクノロジー企業, 特にソーシャルメディア業界の企業によって提供されるオンラインサービスが広く採用されることによって, この不安定さは増大してきた。そしてそれらの企業にとっては, 知識の保存は純粋に商業的な問題に過ぎない。
第3段落
As more and more of the world’s memory is placed online we are effectively outsourcing that memory to the major technology companies that now control the internet.
- effectivelyは普通に訳すと「効率的に」だが、「事実上」(=in effect)の訳が重要。
- 日本語でも使われる「アウトソーシング」は「業務委託」のこと。
As more and moreS’ of the world’s memory is placedV’ online weS are effectively outsourcingV that memoryO to the major technology companies that now controlV” the internetO”.
世界の記憶のより多くS’がオンラインに置かれるV’とき, 私たちSはあの記憶Oを今インターネットO”をコントロールするV”ような主要なテクノロジー会社に対して効率的にアウトソーシングしているV。
世界中の記憶がますますオンライン上に蓄積するにつれて, 今やインターネットを支配しているそのような主要なテクノロジー企業に, その記憶を事実上受け渡していることになる。
The phrase “Look it up” used to mean searching in the index of a printed book, or going to the right alphabetical entry in an encyclopedia or dictionary.
The phrase “Look it up”S used to meanV searchingO1 in the index of a printed book, or goingO2 to the right alphabetical entry in an encyclopedia or dictionary.
「それを調べなさい」というフレーズSは, プリントされた本のインデックスの中で調べることO1や, 百科事典や辞書の中の正しいアルファベットのエントリーへ行くことO2をかつて意味したV。
「調べる」という言葉は以前は, 印刷された本の目次の中から探すことや, 百科事典や辞書の中でアルファベット順に並んだ見出しから適切な見出しへ飛ぶことを意味していた。
Now it just means typing a word, term or question into a search box, and letting the computer do the rest.
Now itS just meansV typing a word, term or questionO1 into a search box, and letting the computer do the restO2.
今ではそれSはただ検索ボックスの中へ語, 用語, 質問をタイプすることO1と, コンピュータに残りをやらせることO2を意味するV。
今では, ただ検索欄に単語や用語や質問を入力し, 残りはすべてコンピュータに任せることを意味している。
Society used to value the training of personal memory, even devising sophisticated exercises for improving the act of memorizing.
SocietyS used to valueV the trainingO of personal memory, even devisingV’ sophisticated exercisesO’ for improving the act of memorizing.
社会Sは個人的な記憶のトレーニングOをかつてvalueしたV。そして, 記憶することの行動を向上させるための洗練されたエクササイズO’さえ考案したV’。
社会は, かつて個人の記憶を訓練することに価値を置いていた。記憶力を向上させる高度な演習を考え出すことさえあった。
Those days are gone.
Those daysS are goneV.
これらの日Sは行ってしまったV。
そのような時代はすでに過ぎ去った。
There are dangers in the convenience of the internet, however, as the control exercised by the major technology companies over our digital memory is huge.
There areV dangersS in the convenience of the internet, however, as the controlS’ exercised by the major technology companies over our digital memory isV’ hugeC’.
しかし, インターネットの便利さの中に危険SがあるV。主要なテクノロジー会社によって行使される私たちのデジタルの記憶の上の支配S’が莫大C’であるとき。
しかし, 電子記憶に対する主要なテクノロジー企業の支配はすでに強大であるので, インターネットを便利に使うことには危険が伴う。
Some organizations, including libraries and archives, are now trying hard to take back control through independently preserving websites, blog posts, social media, even email and other personal digital collections.
Some organizationsS, including libraries and archives, are now trying hard to take backV controlO through independently preserving websites, blog posts, social media, even email and other personal digital collections.
図書館やアーカイブを含む, いくつかの組織Sは, 今はウェブサイト, ブログの投稿, ソーシャルメディア, eメールや他の個人的なデジタルコレクションすらを独立に保存すること通じて, 支配Oを一生懸命にtake backしようとしているV。
図書館や公文書保管所を含む組織の中には, ウェブサイト, ブログ投稿, ソーシャルメディアに加えて, eメールやその他の個人的な電子情報すらも, 独立に保存することによって, 支配権を取り戻そうと現在必死に努力している組織もある。
第4段落
“We are drowning in information, but are starved of knowledge,” John Naisbitt pointed out as early as 1982 in his book Megatrends.
“WeS’ are drowningV’1 in information, but are starvedV’2 of knowledge,” John NaisbittS pointed outV as early as 1982 in his book Megatrends.
「私たちS’は情報の中でおぼれているV’1が, 知識の飢えているV’2」と, John NaisbittSは彼の本であるMegatrendsの中で1982と同じくらい早くに指摘したV。
「私たちは情報におぼれ, 知識に飢えている」と, ジョン・ネイスビッツは早くも1982年には, 自身の著書であるメガトレンドの中で指摘していた。
A concept of “digital abundance” has since been coined to help understand one important aspect of the digital world, one which my daily life as a librarian brings me to consider often.
- help do = help to do「～するのを手伝う」
- bring A to do「Aを~する気にさせる」
- 動詞のcoinは「~を作る」
A conceptS of “digital abundance” has since been coinedV to help understand one important aspect of the digital world, one which my daily lifeS’ as a librarian bringsV’ meO’ to considerto do often.
「デジタルの豊富」の概念Sは, それ以来デジタル世界の一つの重要な側面を理解するのを助けるためにcoinされてきたV。つまり, 図書館の人としての私の日々の生活S’が, 私O’にしばしば考えることto doを持ってくるV’ようなそれ。
それ以降「デジタル的豊かさ」という概念が出現し, その結果デジタル世界のある重要な一面を理解する手助けをしている。それは, 私が図書館員としての日々の生活のおかげでよく考えている一面でもある。
The amount of digital information available to any user with a computer and an internet connection is overwhelmingly large, too large to be able to comprehend.
The amountS of digital information available to any user with a computer and an internet connection isV overwhelmingly largeC, too largeC to be able to comprehend.
コンピュータやインターネット接続とともに任意のユーザに対して利用可能なデジタル情報の量Sは, 圧倒的に大きいC。つまり, 理解できるほどには大きすぎるC。
コンピュータを持っていたり, インターネットに接続ができる利用者ならだれでも利用できる電子的な情報の量は圧倒的に多く, 多すぎて全容を把握できない。
Librarians and archivists are now deeply concerned with how to search effectively across the mass of available knowledge.
Librarians and archivistsS areV now deeply concerned withV how to search effectively across the mass of available knowledge.
図書館の人やアーカイブの人Sは, 今は深く, 利用可能な知識の大量を超えて効率的に探す方法に関心を持つV。
図書館や公文書保管所で働く人々は今や, 大量の利用可能な知識の中をかき分けて効率的に検索する方法に深く関心を持っている。
第5段落
The digital world is full of contradictions.
The digital worldS isV full of contradictionsC.
デジタルの世界Sは, 矛盾でいっぱいCだ。
デジタルの世界は, 矛盾に満ちている。
On the one hand the creation of knowledge has never been easier, nor has it been easier to copy texts, images and other forms of information.
On the one hand the creationS1 of knowledge has never beenV1 easierC1, nor hasV2 itS2 beenV2 easierC2 to copy texts, images and other forms of information.
一方で知識の創造S1はより簡単C1では決してなかったV1。また, テキスト, 画像, 情報の他の形式をコピーすることはより簡単C2ではなかった。
知識の創造が昔と比べて断然簡単である一方, 文書や画像やその他の情報形式をコピーすることも今が一番簡単である。
Storage of digital information on a vast scale is now not only possible but surprisingly inexpensive.
StorageS of digital information on a vast scale isV now not only possibleC but surprisingly inexpensiveC.
広大なスケールの上のデジタルの情報のストレージSは, 今は可能Cであるだけでなく, 驚く程に安価Cだ。
今や大規模なデジタル情報を貯蔵することが可能になっただけでなく, 驚くほど安価である。
Yet storage is not the same thing as preservation.
Yet storageS is notV the same thingC as preservation.
しかし, 貯蔵Sは保存と比べて同じものC ではないV。
しかし, 貯蔵は保存と同じではない。
The knowledge stored online is at risk of being lost, as digital information is surprisingly vulnerable to neglect as well as deliberate destruction.
The knowledgeS stored online isV at risk of being lost, as digital informationS’ isV’ surprisingly vulnerableC’ to neglect as well as deliberate destruction.
オンラインに貯蔵された知識Sは, 失われるリスクにだ。デジタルの情報S’は, わざとの破壊と同様に無視に対して驚く程にもろいC’ので。
オンラインに貯蔵された知識は常に失われる危険性がある。なぜなら, デジタル情報は, 意図的な破壊はもちろん, 単なる放置に対しても驚くほどに脆弱であるからだ。
There is also the problem that the knowledge we create through our daily online interactions is invisible to most of us, but it can be manipulated and used against society for commercial and political gain.
There isV also the problemS that the knowledgeS’1 weS” createV” through our daily online interactions isV’1 invisibleC’1 to most of us, but itS’2 can be manipulated and usedV’2 against society for commercial and political gain.
私たちS”が私たちの日々のオンラインの交流を通じて作るV”ような知識S’1は私たちのほとんどに対して目に見えないC’1が, それS’2は商業と政治の獲得のために社会に反して操作または利用され得るV’2という問題SもあるV。
また, 日々のオンライン上のやり取りを通じて作られる知識を, ほとんどの人は明示的に見ることができないが, 商業的または政治的な利益のために, 社会に反して操作されたり悪用される可能性がある, という問題もある。
Having it destroyed may be a desirable short-term outcome for many people worried about invasions of privacy but this might ultimately be to the detriment of society.
- to the detriment of societyの部分は出来なくてよい。文脈から適当に訳す。
Having it destroyedS1 may beV1 a desirable short-term outcomeC1 for many people worried about invasions of privacy but thisS2 might ultimately beV2 to the detriment of society.
それを破壊してもらうことS1は, プライバシーの侵入について心配している多くの人々にとって望ましい短期の結果C1かもしれないが, これS2は究極的に社会のdetrimentに対してだ。
それらの知識を破棄してもらえば, プライバシーの侵害を懸念する多くの人々にとっては短期的には望ましい結果になるかもしれないが, 最終的には社会の不利益につながるだろう。
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