- 問題
- 解説
- 第1段落
- Despite the variety of tribal belief (or perhaps in part because of it), North America is uniformly seen as an Indian homeland that has shaped and been shaped by the Indians living there then and living there now.
- Over these homelands various empires and nation-states — Spanish, British, French, Dutch, and, later, American — have crawled, mapping and claiming as they went.
- But neither these maps nor the conquests enabled by them eradicated or obscured the fact that immigrants made their homes and villages and towns and cities on top of Indian homelands.
- Any history that persists in using the old model of New World history as something made by white people and done to Indian people, therefore, is not a real history of this place.
- Rather, as the historian Colin Calloway has suggested, history didn’t come to the New World with Cabot or Columbus; they — and those who followed — brought European history to the unfolding histories already here.
- 第2段落
- When Europeans first arrived on the Atlantic coast, they landed on a richly settled and incredibly fecund homeland to hundreds of tribes.
- When prehistoric first Indians emerged in what is now the eastern United States, the water levels were considerably lower than they are now, because much of the world’s water was trapped in glaciers that spread across a large part of the Northern Hemisphere.
- Because of this, coastal archaeology has uncovered only a very fractured record of habitation.
- 第3段落
- Even so, five-thousand-year-old shell middens in Florida and North Carolina suggest vibrant coastal cultures in this region.
- In Virginia alone there are thousands of known prehistoric village sites.
- How these early tribes were organized or how they understood themselves is hard to know.
- What made for a relatively easy life — abundant rivers, streams, and springs, plentiful fuel, fairly constant aquatic and terrestrial food sources, and a relatively mild climate — makes for bad archaeology.
- It seems that, in this early period, coastal Indians lived in small villages of about 150 people and that they were fairly mobile, spending part of the year on the coast, part farther inland, and getting most of their calories from fish and game and opportunistic harvests of nuts and berries.
- Populations seem to have risen and shrunk like the tide, depending on the availability of calories.
- Archaeological evidence suggests that between 2500 and 2000 BCE, tribal groups began making clay pots, which indicates a more sedentary lifestyle, the need for storage (which in turn suggests that there were food surpluses), and a greater reliance on plants for sustenance.
- A bit later eastern coastal and woodland Indians were planting or cultivating sunflowers, lamb’s-quarter, gourds, goosefoot, knotweed, and Jerusalem artichokes.
- 第4段落
- When Ponce de León arrived in Florida in 1513, with explicit permission from the Spanish crown to explore and settle the region, Indians had been living there for at least twelve thousand years.
- Because of the lower water levels, during prehistoric times Florida’s land mass was double what it is today, so much of the archaeological evidence is under the sea.
- It was also much drier and supported all sorts of megafauna such as bison and mastodon.
- As megafauna died out (climate change, hunting), the fruits of the sea in turn supported very large Archaic and Paleolithic societies.
- Agriculture was late in coming to Florida, appearing only around 700 BCE, and some noncoastal Florida tribes still had no forms of agriculture at the time of Spanish conquest.
- Presumably the rich fresh and brackish water ecosystems were more than enough to support a lot of different peoples.
- What the Spanish encountered beginning in 1513 was a vast, heterogeneous collection of tribes, among them the Ais, Alafay, Amacano, Apalachee, Bomto, Calusa, Chatot, Chine, Guale, Jororo, Luca, Mayaca, Mayaimi, Mocoso, Pacara, Pensacola, Pohoy, Surruque, Tequesta, Timicua, and Viscayno, to name but a few.
- 第1段落
問題
次の文章は, 自ら「インディアン」としての誇りを持つアメリカ先住民の著者が, 北アメリカ大陸における自分たちの歴史について語ったものである。これを読み, 下の設問(1)~(2)に答えなさい。
Despite the variety of tribal belief (or perhaps in part because of it), North America is uniformly seen as an Indian homeland that has shaped and been shaped by the Indians living there then and living there now. Over these homelands various empires and nation-states — Spanish, British, French, Dutch, and, later, American — have crawled, mapping and claiming as they went. But neither these maps nor the conquests enabled by them eradicated or obscured the fact that immigrants made their homes and villages and towns and cities on top of Indian homelands. Any history that persists in using the old model of New World history as something made by white people and done to Indian people, therefore, is not a real history of this place. Rather, as the historian Colin Calloway has suggested, history didn’t come to the New World with Cabot or Columbus; they — and those who followed — brought European history to the unfolding histories already here.
When Europeans first arrived on the Atlantic coast, they landed on a richly settled and incredibly fecund homeland to hundreds of tribes. When prehistoric first Indians emerged in what is now the eastern United States, the water levels were considerably lower than they are now, because much of the world’s water was trapped in glaciers that spread across a large part of the Northern Hemisphere. Because of this, (a)coastal archaeology has uncovered only a very fractured record of habitation.
Even so, five-thousand-year-old shell middens in Florida and North Carolina suggest vibrant coastal cultures in this region. In Virginia alone there are thousands of known prehistoric village sites. How these early tribes were organized or how they understood themselves is hard to know. What made for a relatively easy life — abundant rivers, streams, and springs, plentiful fuel, fairly constant aquatic and terrestrial food sources, and a relatively mild climate — (b)makes for bad archaeology. It seems that, in this early period, coastal Indians lived in small villages of about 150 people and that they were fairly mobile, spending part of the year on the coast, part farther inland, and getting most of their calories from fish and game and opportunistic harvests of nuts and berries. Populations seem to have risen and shrunk like the tide, depending on the availability of calories. Archaeological evidence suggests that between 2500 and 2000 BCE, tribal groups began making clay pots, which indicates a more sedentary lifestyle, the need for storage (which in turn suggests that there were food surpluses), and a greater reliance on plants for sustenance. A bit later eastern coastal and woodland Indians were planting or cultivating sunflowers, lamb’s-quarter, gourds, goosefoot, knotweed, and Jerusalem artichokes.
When Ponce de León arrived in Florida in 1513, with explicit permission from the Spanish crown to explore and settle the region, Indians had been living there for at least twelve thousand years. Because of the lower water levels, during prehistoric times Florida’s land mass was double what it is today, so much of the archaeological evidence is under the sea. It was also much drier and supported all sorts of megafauna such as bison and mastodon. As megafauna died out (climate change, hunting), the fruits of the sea in turn supported very large Archaic and Paleolithic societies. Agriculture was late in coming to Florida, appearing only around 700 BCE, and some noncoastal Florida tribes still had no forms of agriculture at the time of Spanish conquest. Presumably the rich fresh and brackish water ecosystems were more than enough to support a lot of different peoples. What the Spanish encountered beginning in 1513 was a vast, heterogeneous collection of tribes, among them the Ais, Alafay, Amacano, Apalachee, Bomto, Calusa, Chatot, Chine, Guale, Jororo, Luca, Mayaca, Mayaimi, Mocoso, Pacara, Pensacola, Pohoy, Surruque, Tequesta, Timicua, and Viscayno, to name but a few.
(1) 下線部(a)の理由を, 第2パラグラフおよび第4パラグラフの内容にもとづき, 日本語でまとめなさい。
(2) 下線部(b)の理由を, 第3パラグラフの内容にもとづき, 日本語でまとめなさい。
解説
第1段落
Despite the variety of tribal belief (or perhaps in part because of it), North America is uniformly seen as an Indian homeland that has shaped and been shaped by the Indians living there then and living there now.
Despite the variety of tribal belief or perhaps in part because of it, North AmericaS is uniformly seenV as an Indian homeland that has shapedV’ and been shapedV’ by the Indians living there then and living there now.
部族の信念の多様性にも関わらずまたはおそらく部分的にそれのせいで, 北アメリカSは, 形成してきてV’, その時そこに住んでいるまたは今そこに住んでいるインディアンによって形成されてきたV’ようなインディアンのホームランドとして統一的に見られるV。
多種多様の部族信仰があるにもかかわらず(部分的にはそれが原因かもしれないが), 北アメリカはインディアンの故郷であり, そこに住んでいるまたは住んでいたインディアンを作り上げ, またインディアンによって作り上げられてきたと, 画一的に見なされている。
Over these homelands various empires and nation-states — Spanish, British, French, Dutch, and, later, American — have crawled, mapping and claiming as they went.
Over these homelands various empires and nation-statesS — Spanish, British, French, Dutch, and, later, American — have crawledV, mapping and claimingV’ as theyS” wentV”.
これらのホームランドの上に様々な帝国や国Sスペイン, イギリス, フランス, オランダ, 後のアメリカンが這ってきたV。そして, 彼らS”が行ったV”ときマッピングして, 主張するV’。
このような故郷の上に, さまざまな帝国や国民国家(スペイン, イギリス, フランス, オランダ, 後のアメリカン)が上がりこんできた。彼らは行く先々で, 地図を作成し, 領土を主張した。
But neither these maps nor the conquests enabled by them eradicated or obscured the fact that immigrants made their homes and villages and towns and cities on top of Indian homelands.
- eradicateは難単語。obscureは形容詞で「わかりにくい, 薄暗い」は知っておかないといけないので, 動詞になると「わかりにくくする」。eradicateも同じように否定的な動詞だと推測する。
But neither these maps nor the conquestsS enabled by them eradicated or obscuredV the factO that immigrantsS’ madeV’ their homes and villages and towns and citiesO’ on top of Indian homelands.
しかし, それらによって可能にされたこれらのマップや征服Sは, 移民S’は彼らの家や村や町や都市O’をインディアンの故郷のトップに作ったV’という事実Oをeradicateしたり暗くするVことはなかった。
しかし, 彼らによって行われた地図作製や征服はどちらも, 自分たちはインディアンの故郷「の上に」居住, 村, 町, 都市を作ってきたという事実を, 消し去ったりあいまいにしたりすることはなかった。
Any history that persists in using the old model of New World history as something made by white people and done to Indian people, therefore, is not a real history of this place.
Any historyS that persists inV’ using the old modelO of New World history as something made by white people and done to Indian people, therefore, is notV a real historyC of this place.
白い人々によってつくられたまたはインディアンな人々に対して行われた何かとして新世界の歴史の古いモデルを使うことO’に固執するV’ような任意の歴史Sは, だから, この場所の本当の歴史C ではないV。
したがって, この新世界の歴史を, 白人によってつくられ, インディアンに対して行われてきたようなものだとする古い考え方に固執するような歴史はすべて, その地の本当の歴史ではない。
Rather, as the historian Colin Calloway has suggested, history didn’t come to the New World with Cabot or Columbus; they — and those who followed — brought European history to the unfolding histories already here.
Rather, as the historian Colin CallowayS’ has suggestedV’, historyS1 didn’t comeV1 to the New World with Cabot or Columbus; theyS2 — and those who followed — broughtV2 European historyO2 to the unfolding histories already here.
むしろ, 歴史家Colin CallowayS’が示唆してきたV’ように, 歴史S1はCabotかコロンブスとともに新世界まで来なかったV1。彼らS2そして従った人々は, すでにここで展開している歴史までヨーロッパの歴史O2を持ってきたV2。
むしろ, 歴史家のコリン・キャロウェイが示唆するように, カボットやコロンブスによって新世界がもたらされたのではなく, 彼ら(とそれに続いた人々)が, すでにそこで展開されていた歴史に, ヨーロッパの歴史を持ち込んだのである。
第2段落
When Europeans first arrived on the Atlantic coast, they landed on a richly settled and incredibly fecund homeland to hundreds of tribes.
- fecundは知らなくてよい。
When EuropeansS’ first arrivedV’ on the Atlantic coast, theyS landedV on a richly settled and incredibly fecund homeland to hundreds of tribes.
ヨーロッパ人S’が最初に大西洋の岸の上に着いたV’とき, 彼らSは数百の部族に対してリッチに落ち着かれたそして信じられないほどfecundな故郷の上に着陸したV。
ヨーロッパ人がはじめて大西洋の沿岸に到着したとき, 数百もの部族が定住していて, 驚くほど肥沃な土地に上陸した。
When prehistoric first Indians emerged in what is now the eastern United States, the water levels were considerably lower than they are now, because much of the world’s water was trapped in glaciers that spread across a large part of the Northern Hemisphere.
When prehistoric first IndiansS’ emergedV’ in what isV” now the eastern United StatesC”, the water levelsS wereV considerably lowerC than theyS”’ areV”’ now, because muchS”” of the world’s water was trappedV”” in glaciers that spreadV””’ across a large part of the Northern Hemisphere.
先の歴史の最初のインディアンS’が今では東のアメリカC”であるV”ものの中に現れたV’とき, 水位SはそれらがS”’今ではそうであるV”’よりかなりより低かったC。なぜなら, 世界の水のほとんどS””が, 北半球の大部分をわたって広がったV””’ような氷河の中にtrapされたV””からだ。
先史時代の最初のインディアンが, 今では東アメリカにあたるところに出現したとき, 水位は今よりもずっと低かった。なぜなら, 世界の水のほとんどが, 当時北半球のほとんどを覆っていた氷河の中に閉じ込められていたからだ。
Because of this, coastal archaeology has uncovered only a very fractured record of habitation.
- habitat「生息地」, inhabit「~に住む」, inhabitant「住人」
Because of this, coastal archaeologyS has uncoveredV only a very fractured recordO of habitation.
これのせいで, 岸の考古学Sは, 生息地のとてもfractureされた記録だけOを見つけてきたV。
これが原因で, 沿岸部の考古学は, 居住に関するほんの断片的な記録しか明らかにしてこなかった。
第3段落
Even so, five-thousand-year-old shell middens in Florida and North Carolina suggest vibrant coastal cultures in this region.
Even so, five-thousand-year-old shell middensS in Florida and North Carolina suggestV vibrant coastal culturesO in this region.
たとえそうだとしても, フロリダと北カロライナの中の5000歳の貝のmiddenSは, この地域の中のvibrantな岸の文化Oを示唆するV。
たとえそうだとしても, フロリダ州とノースカロライナ州にある5000年前の貝塚は, この地域に活発な文化があったことを示唆している。
In Virginia alone there are thousands of known prehistoric village sites.
In Virginia alone there areV thousandsS of known prehistoric village sites.
ヴァージニア1人の中に知られている前の歴史の村の地の何千SがあるV。
ヴァージニア州だけでも, 何千もの先史時代の村の跡地が知られている。
How these early tribes were organized or how they understood themselves is hard to know.
How these early tribesS’ were organizedV’ or how theyS” understoodV” themselvesO” isV hard to knowC.
どのようにこれらの初期の部族S’が組織化されたV’かということやどのように彼らS”は彼ら自身O”を理解したV”かということは, 知るのが難しいC。
このような初期の部族がどのようにまとまり, どのように自分たちのことを理解していたかを知ることは難しい。
What made for a relatively easy life — abundant rivers, streams, and springs, plentiful fuel, fairly constant aquatic and terrestrial food sources, and a relatively mild climate — makes for bad archaeology.
- make for A「Aに向かって進む, Aの役に立つ」
What made forV’ a relatively easy lifeO’ — abundant rivers, streams, and springs, plentiful fuel, fairly constant aquatic and terrestrial food sources, and a relatively mild climate — makes forV bad archaeologyO.
相対的に簡単な生活O’の役に立ったV’もの豊富な川, 小川, 泉, 十分な燃料, かなり一定のaquaticでterrestrialな食料の源, 相対的にやさしい気候は, 悪い考古学Sの役に立つV。
豊かな河川, 小川, 泉, 豊富な燃料, 非常に安定した水陸両方からの食料源, 比較的温暖な気候などの, 比較的過ごしやすい生活の原因となっていた要素は, 考古学の役には立たない。
It seems that, in this early period, coastal Indians lived in small villages of about 150 people and that they were fairly mobile, spending part of the year on the coast, part farther inland, and getting most of their calories from fish and game and opportunistic harvests of nuts and berries.
ItS seemsV that, in this early period, coastal IndiansS’ lived inV’ small villagesO’ of about 150 people and that theyS” wereV” fairly mobileC”, spendingV”’ part of the yearO”’ on the coast, partO”’ farther inland, and gettingV”” most of their caloriesO”” from fish and game and opportunistic harvests of nuts and berries.
この初期の時代で, 岸のインディアンS’は約150の人々の小さな村O’に住んだV’ということと, 彼らS”はかなり流動的C”で, 岸の上で年の一部O”’を, より遠くの内陸で一部O”’を過ごしV”’て, 魚とゲームとナッツとベリーの機会の収穫から彼らのカロリーのほとんどO””を得るV””ということが思われるV。
この初期の時代は, 沿岸部のインディアンは約150人から成る小さな村に住んでいたが, かなり動き回り, 一年の一部を沿岸部で, 残りを内陸部で過ごし, カロリーの大半を魚や肉, 偶然採取された木の実や果実から摂っていたようである。
Populations seem to have risen and shrunk like the tide, depending on the availability of calories.
PopulationsS seem to have risen and shrunkV like the tide, depending onV’ the availabilityO’ of calories.
人口Sは潮のように上がったり縮んだようだV。そしてカロリーの利用可能性O’に依存するV’。
カロリーが摂取できるかどうかによって, 人口は潮の満ち引きのように増えたり減ったりしていたようである。
Archaeological evidence suggests that between 2500 and 2000 BCE, tribal groups began making clay pots, which indicates a more sedentary lifestyle, the need for storage (which in turn suggests that there were food surpluses), and a greater reliance on plants for sustenance.
Archaeological evidenceS suggestsV that between 2500 and 2000 BCE, tribal groupsS’ began makingV’ clay potsO’, which indicatesV” a more sedentary lifestyleO”1, the needO”2 for storage which in turn suggests that there were food surpluses, and a greater relianceO”3 on plants for sustenance.
考古学の証拠Sは, 2500と2000BCEの間, 部族のグループS’は粘土のポットO’を作り始めたV’ということを示唆するV。そしてそれは, よりsedentaryなライフスタイルO”1, 保存のための必要性O”2それは今度は食料の余剰があったということを示唆する, sustenanceのための植物へのより大きい依存O”3を示すV”。
考古学的証拠は, 紀元前2500年から2000年の間, 部族集団は土器を作り始めた可能性を示唆している。そしてそれは, 生活様式がより安定してきたこと, 食料を保存する必要があったこと(これは転じて余るだけの食料が十分にあったことをも示唆する), 栄養を求めて植物に強く依存していたことを示している。
A bit later eastern coastal and woodland Indians were planting or cultivating sunflowers, lamb’s-quarter, gourds, goosefoot, knotweed, and Jerusalem artichokes.
A bit later eastern coastal and woodland IndiansS were planting or cultivatingV sunflowersO, lamb’s-quarterO, gourdsO, goosefootO, knotweedO, and Jerusalem artichokesO.
少し後に東の岸の木の土地のインディアンSは, ヒマワリO, lamb’s-quarterO, gourdsO, goosefootO, knotweedO, Jerusalem artichokesOを植えて育てていたV。
その少し後には, 東海岸や森林部に住むインディアンは, ヒマワリなどを植えて栽培していた。
第4段落
When Ponce de León arrived in Florida in 1513, with explicit permission from the Spanish crown to explore and settle the region, Indians had been living there for at least twelve thousand years.
When Ponce de LeónS’ arrivedV’ in Florida in 1513, with explicit permission from the Spanish crown to explore and settle the region, IndiansS had been livingV there for at least twelve thousand years.
Ponce de LeónS’が1513にフロリダに着いたV’とき, その地域を探索して定住するためのスペインの王冠からの明らかな許可とともに, インディアンSは少なくとも12000年の間そこに住んでいたV。
ポンセ・デ・レオンが, フロリダを探索して定住する明確な許可をスペイン王から得て, 1513年にそこに到着したとき, インディアンは少なくとも12000年間, そこに住み続けていた。
Because of the lower water levels, during prehistoric times Florida’s land mass was double what it is today, so much of the archaeological evidence is under the sea.
Because of the lower water levels, during prehistoric times Florida’s land massS1 was doubleV1 what it is today, so muchS2 of the archaeological evidence isV2 under the sea.
低い水位のせいで, 前の歴史の時間の間フロリダの土地の塊S1は今日のそれの2倍だったV1。だから, 考古学の証拠のほとんどS2は, 海の下だ。
先史時代は水位が低かったので, フロリダの土地は現在の2倍の大きさだった。よって, 考古学的証拠のほとんどが, 現在では海の底にある。
It was also much drier and supported all sorts of megafauna such as bison and mastodon.
- all sorts of A = a sort of A = a kind of A
ItS wasV1 also much drierC1 and supportedV2 all sorts of megafaunaO2 such as bison and mastodon.
それSはまたずっとより乾燥してC1いて, バイソンやmastodonのようなあらゆる種のmegafaunaO2をサポートしたV2。
その土地はまた, 今よりもずっと乾燥していて, バイソンやマストドンのような多種の大型動物を養っていた。
As megafauna died out (climate change, hunting), the fruits of the sea in turn supported very large Archaic and Paleolithic societies.
As megafaunaS’ died outV’ climate change, hunting, the fruitsS of the sea in turn supportedV very large Archaic and Paleolithic societiesO.
megafaunaS’が絶滅したV’気候変動, 狩猟とき, 海のフルーツSが今度はとても大きいArchaicでPaleolithicな社会OをサポートしたV。
(気候変動や狩猟により)大型動物が絶滅すると, 今度は海産物が, 大規模な古代社会や旧石器時代の社会を支えた。
Agriculture was late in coming to Florida, appearing only around 700 BCE, and some noncoastal Florida tribes still had no forms of agriculture at the time of Spanish conquest.
AgricultureS1 wasV1 lateC1 in coming to Florida, appearingV’ only around 700 BCE, and some noncoastal Florida tribesS2 still hadV2 no formsO2 of agriculture at the time of Spanish conquest.
農業S1はフロリダに来る時に遅かったC1。そして, 約700BCEのまわりにだけ現れたV’。そして, いくつかの非沿岸のフロリダの部族S2はいまだに, スペインの征服のその時間に農業の無の形態O2を持ったV2。
農業がフロリダに現れるのは遅く, 紀元前700年前後に初めて出現した。スペインが征服したまさにその当時ですら, フロリダの内陸部に暮らす部族の中には, 一切の農業様式を持ち合わせていない部族もいた。
Presumably the rich fresh and brackish water ecosystems were more than enough to support a lot of different peoples.
- brackishは知らなくてよい。rich, freshと並列なので, 水の良い性質を表している。
Presumably the rich fresh and brackish water ecosystemsS wereV more than enoughC to support a lot of different peoples.
おそらく豊かで新鮮でbrackishな水の生態系Sは, 多くの異なる人々をサポートするのに十分以上Cだった。
恐らく, 新鮮で塩分を含む豊かな水の生態系は, 多様な人々の生活を支えるのに十分過ぎた。
What the Spanish encountered beginning in 1513 was a vast, heterogeneous collection of tribes, among them the Ais, Alafay, Amacano, Apalachee, Bomto, Calusa, Chatot, Chine, Guale, Jororo, Luca, Mayaca, Mayaimi, Mocoso, Pacara, Pensacola, Pohoy, Surruque, Tequesta, Timicua, and Viscayno, to name but a few.
- but = only
What the SpanishS’ encounteredV’ beginning in 1513 wasV a vast, heterogeneous collectionC of tribes, among them the Ais, Alafay, Amacano, Apalachee, Bomto, Calusa, Chatot, Chine, Guale, Jororo, Luca, Mayaca, Mayaimi, Mocoso, Pacara, Pensacola, Pohoy, Surruque, Tequesta, Timicua, and Viscayno, to name but a few.
スペイン人S’が1513の初めに遭遇したV’ものは, 部族の広大でheterogeneousな集合Cだった。そして, the Ais, Alafay, Amacano, Apalachee, Bomto, Calusa, Chatot, Chine, Guale, Jororo, Luca, Mayaca, Mayaimi, Mocoso, Pacara, Pensacola, Pohoy, Surruque, Tequesta, Timicua, and Viscaynoはそれらの間だった。ほんの少しをnameすると。
スペイン人が1513年の初めに出会ったのは, 多種多様な部族の集団だった。それらの中には, ほんの少し名前を挙げるだけでも, アイス族やアラファイ族などがあった。
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